Any homeowner knows that squirrels are clever – they hide nuts and food underground and return later in the year to dig up the lawn and eat; they never seem at a loss to find a way into your house and live between the walls rather than up in a tree. But squirrels are also clever when it comes to defending against predators. Adult squirrels have the ability to neutralize rattlesnake venom; and they also widely employ the tactic of "tail flagging" – pointing their tails straight up like a sword and waving them from side to side – to scare snakes off. But young squirrels are not immune to rattlers' venom. Luckily their parents have a lightsaber-like trick to defend them. Biologists using infrared cameras at University of California Davis .html discovered that since rattlesnakes can sense infrared radiation, the adult squirrels heat up their tails. Graduate student Aaron Rundus and his colleagues at UC Davis exposed California ground squirrels to rattlesnakes in the lab. When they viewed the interaction through an infrared video camera, they saw that the squirrels' tails heated up like a red-hot poker. But if they put a gopher snake, which cannot sense infrared radiation, in with the squirrels, the squirrels' tails remained dark and cold while they waved them. But questions still remained. © ScienCentral, 2000-2007

Keyword: Vision
Link ID: 10614 - Posted: 06.24.2010

Nathan Seppa An experimental vaccine for people who have multiple sclerosis has proved safe, clearing a necessary first hurdle toward regulatory approval. The results of this initial trial also suggest that the vaccine can indeed quell the self-destructive immune reaction that many scientists believe causes the disease. Despite this early promise, the researchers caution that the findings are based on data gathered from a small group over a limited time. The researchers used a technique called DNA vaccination, which introduces a gene into the body to elicit an immune response. But rather than rile the immune system against a foreign foe, the new multiple sclerosis (MS) vaccine seeks to induce immune tolerance of myelin basic protein, a component of myelin. A fatty material that protects nerves, myelin is degraded in MS, robbing patients of muscle control. For the vaccine, researchers at Stanford University and Bayhill Therapeutics in Palo Alto, Calif., designed a DNA ring that encodes a slightly altered version of myelin basic protein. The changes replaced immune-stimulating parts of the protein with immune-suppressing ones. Scientists gave 30 MS patients four injections over 9 weeks and then tracked their progress for a year. The study was made public this week and will appear in the October Archives of Neurology. ©2007 Science Service

Keyword: Multiple Sclerosis; Neuroimmunology
Link ID: 10613 - Posted: 06.24.2010

By Greg Miller In hot deserts, animals must get water any way they can. A new study sheds light on what has to be one of nature's most bizarre adaptations to dry environments: Certain lizards have a network of tiny channels in the spaces between their scales that can suck up water from the ground (or from rain falling on their back) and transport it to their mouth for drinking. Researchers have suspected for decades that some desert lizards can harvest rainwater through their skin. The Australian thorny devil (Moloch horridus), for example, rubs its belly into the wet sand after a rain. In the 1920s, inquisitive researchers put this lizard in a shallow bowl of water and noticed that its entire body soon looked wet. "The initial thought was that they just took the water in directly through their skin," says Wade Sherbrooke, a biologist at the American Museum of Natural History's Southwestern Research Station in Portal, Arizona. But that turned out to be wrong. Unlike amphibian skin, which lets water through, reptile skin keeps precious water inside the body, Sherbrooke says. So how were the lizards transporting water? Later research suggested that water somehow traveled along the "scale hinges" in between the lizards' scales. In the new study, Sherbrooke and colleagues at James Cook University in Townsville, Australia, used light and electron microscopes to examine the scale hinges in detail. They discovered that the hinges contain tubelike channels about the width of one or two human hairs, a good size for harnessing capillary forces to draw in water. © 2007 American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Keyword: Miscellaneous
Link ID: 10612 - Posted: 06.24.2010

Katharine Sanderson Mice can smell carbon dioxide at levels just higher than that in normal air, thanks to specialized neurons in their nose. Minmin Luo at the National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, and his colleagues tracked down the neurons that mice use to detect carbon dioxide, they write in Science1. The level of CO2 above which the mice smelled the gas, they report, was just 0.066% — about twice the average level of CO2 in the atmosphere (0.038%), but much less than the concentration in exhaled breath (about 4.5%) or the level considered safe for humans (0.5%). The team targeted neurons in the mouse nose that were already known to express the CO2-processing enzyme carbonic anhydrase type II (CAII). These cells, called guanylyl cyclase D cells, glowed in the presence of CO2, showing when mice were picking up the scent. Carbon dioxide can't be smelled by humans, but other animals have shown an ability to detect relatively high levels of the gas. Insects, too, can detect CO2, but they do it via membrane receptors rather than through any kind of nose. Luo's research shows that, to his surprise, in mammals this isn't the case — the mice are literally smelling the gas. "We did not expect it at all," he says. "Most people don't think CO2 is an odorant. It is used as an irritant, not an olfactory cue." ©2007 Nature Publishing Group

Keyword: Chemical Senses (Smell & Taste)
Link ID: 10611 - Posted: 06.24.2010

Rafael Caruso If we go from the outdoors on a bright sunny day into a very dimly lit room, we are hardly able to see our surroundings at first. As time goes by, however, we gradually become able to detect the room's contents. This phenomenon is known as "dark adaptation," and it typically takes between 20 and 30 minutes to reach its maximum, depending on the intensity of light exposure in the previous surroundings. The human retina can perform its light-detection function in an astounding range of light intensities, from bright sunlight to dim starlight, by relying on two types of light-sensitive cells, or photoreceptors. The first, the cones, evolved for day vision and can respond to changes in brightness even in extremely high levels of illumination. (Cones are unable to respond to light reliably in dim illumination, however.) Photoreceptors for night vision are called rods. Rods can act as light detectors even in extremely low levels of illumination but are ineffective—they are known to "saturate"—in bright light. Remarkably, rods can respond reliably to a single visible light photon, so they operate at the physical limit of light detection. Both cones and rods participate in dark adaptation, slowly increasing their sensitivity to light in a dim environment. Cones adapt faster, so the first few minutes of adaptation reflect cone-mediated vision. Rods work slower, but since they can perform at much lower levels of illumination, they take over after the initial cone-mediated adaptation period. This is actually a general feature of many sensory systems: if a sensation relies on stimulation of more than one type of receptor cell, the most sensitive receptor type at any given time is the one that mediates sensation. © 1996-2007 Scientific American, Inc.

Keyword: Vision
Link ID: 10610 - Posted: 06.24.2010

Heavy cheeses like stilton are the worst culprits for nightmare inducing sleep The best-known is that of the chemist Kekulé, who was puzzled by how the carbon atoms of benzene fitted together until he dreamt of snakes biting head to tail in a ring. However, that scarcely counts, for it was a daydream on a Clapham omnibus (he was looking blankly out of the window, as chemists often do). The science of dreams is, in many ways, a nightmare, plagued by untestable ideas conjured up by those with more inventiveness than insight. I once tried Freud's The Interpretation of Dreams and could make nothing of it, although many unhappy people believe its claim that unconscious misery reflects conscious experiences that, when recovered, may offer a cure. We mostly dream during paradoxical sleep (once called REM sleep, after the rapid eye movements that happen as the brain becomes almost as active as when awake). REM is remarkable: a whole group of molecules involved in nerve transmission is shut down and the body becomes almost paralysed (which is why when you dream of running you do not kick your partner to death). Perhaps a paradoxical snooze gives the receptors for those nerve transmitters a chance to restore themselves before the challenges of the morning. © Copyright of Telegraph Media Group Limited 2007

Keyword: Sleep
Link ID: 10609 - Posted: 06.24.2010

By Michael Balter Every parent can use a little help now and then, and birds are no exception. Some species even use nannies to feed and care for chicks. These "daycare" babies don't seem to do any better than offspring raised by mom and dad alone do, however, and researchers have struggled to figure out how birds benefit from the assistance. A new study has cracked the mystery: The nannies apparently allow mother birds to save their strength so they can lay eggs later on. In most bird species, males and females pair up to rear the brood. But about 3% of bird species are cooperative breeders: Only one female in a group lays eggs, and the rest of the adults help feed the chicks. Although several studies have shown that chicks get more to eat when helpers are present, little evidence indicates that they grow faster or have a higher survival rate. These findings have led some researchers to propose that the system benefits the helpers rather than the chicks, perhaps because the helpers receive reciprocal aid if they become breeders later on. A team led by biologist Andrew Russell of the University of Sheffield, U.K., set out to evaluate the costs and benefits of cooperative breeding in the superb fairy-wren of southeastern Australia. This species can breed in pairs and in groups of about 6 to 12 birds, which allows a comparison between the two strategies. In a study population made up of 68 bird nests, the researchers found that chicks that were raised in groups received 19% more food than those fed by their parents alone. Yet those chicks were no larger. The secret, the team reports in the 17 August issue of Science, was that eggs laid by females in cooperative groups were 5% smaller than those laid by females who bred in pairs, and their yolks had 12% less lipids and 13% less protein. Thus, the chicks started out smaller but caught up because they were fed more. © 2007 American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Keyword: Sexual Behavior; Evolution
Link ID: 10608 - Posted: 06.24.2010

Ewen Callaway A study showing how HIV could prevent the brain from making new neurons offers an explanation for why some AIDS patients get dementia — and suggests a possible treatment. Dementia due to HIV is the leading cause of cognitive decline in people under 40 years of age, says Stuart Lipton, a biologist at the Burnham Institute for Medical Research in La Jolla, California, who led the study in Cell Stem Cell1. Researchers aren't sure what causes the condition, which afflicts 10-30% of people with HIV and causes symptoms including forgetfulness and leg weakness. If untreated with antiretroviral drugs, sufferers can turn comatose. Biologists have two theories to explain AIDS-related dementia. It could be that when HIV infects a type of white blood cell called a macrophage, the cell pumps out inflammatory chemicals to battle the infection that also, unfortunately, wipe out neurons. Or HIV could inflict its damage more directly. One previous study showed that a protein in the virus's shell — called gp120 — can stop brain stem cells from dividing2. Such new stem cells are needed to make new neurons. To investigate, Lipton and postdoc Shu-ichi Okamoto studied a strain of mice genetically engineered to make the virus's gp120 protein. Under the microscope, the mouse brains look just like those of humans with AIDS-related dementia, says Lipton. ©2007 Nature Publishing Group

Keyword: Neuroimmunology; Neurogenesis
Link ID: 10607 - Posted: 06.24.2010

Nora Schultz New Caledonian crows, famed for their tool-making skills, can also use tools to manipulate other tools. Such “metatool” use shows that the crows have the brainpower to apply their skills to a completely new situation and plan ahead to solve a task, researchers believe. Working with captured wild crows, Russell Gray and his team from the University of Auckland in New Zealand hid a treat in a box so that a crow could only extract it with the help of a long stick. This kind of task is easy for the tool-using crows. But then the researchers added a twist by placing the long stick in a cage, out of the crows' reach. No problem: the birds used a second, shorter stick, to get the first one, then took it back to the box to get the food. “Six out of seven crows tried straight away to use the short stick to get to the long tool. There was no trial and error,” says Gray. Metatool use is normally only seen in humans and apes. Even monkeys struggle in similar experiments. This is thought to be due to the cognitive complexity of the task, which requires using a tool on an intermediate object in a novel context before tackling the real goal, which is to extract the food. © Copyright Reed Business Information Ltd.

Keyword: Intelligence; Evolution
Link ID: 10606 - Posted: 06.24.2010

Matt Kaplan Some snakes are known to be able to go without food for periods of nearly two years. Until recently, the mechanism behind this unique skill was unknown, but new research has revealed some previously-unknown serpentine tricks. These may form the key adaptation that has kept this highly specialized group alive since before the days of Tyrannosaurus rex, biologists say. Biologists have long argued that there are two main tactics used by animals to weather a period of starvation. The core body temperature can be reduced, as is the case in penguins that go through torpor to reduce their calorie use during the winter. Hibernating animals such as hedgehogs utilize another method by stocking up on food and then reducing activity levels. Some species, including polar bears, do both. Snakes, it would seem, have an altogether different strategy at their disposal — they can save on energy use without lowering their temperature and while staying fully alert. As a bonus, they can also go hungry for longer without starting to 'eat' their own body from the inside. Biologist Marshall McCue at the University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, kept ratsnakes, pythons, and rattlesnakes in cages where they could not alter their activity levels — they were forced to be inactive. They were also unable to reduce body temperature, stuck with the laboratory temperature of a steady 27 ºC. The animals were then starved for a period of up to 168 days. ©2007 Nature Publishing Group

Keyword: Obesity
Link ID: 10605 - Posted: 06.24.2010

Ewen Callaway Scientists have erased a long-term memory in the brains of laboratory rats, offering insight into how such memories are stored. Yadin Dudai and Reut Shema of the Weizmann Institute of Science in Rehovot, Israel, trained rodents to associate a particular smell with illness. Injecting the rat brains up to a month later with a polypeptide called ZIP caused the rats to completely forget the unpleasant memory, they report in Science1. The study suggests that even though long-term memories can last for years or even for a lifetime, they are constantly maintained by an ever-active process. That goes against previous ideas that long-term memories are simply held in safe, static storage says co-author Todd Sacktor, a neuroscientist at State University of New York Downstate Medical Center in Brooklyn. "The result is surprising because most people would basically say it's impossible to erase a memory like this," says Sacktor. Most neuroscientists think that relatively permanent changes in the shape and physiology of neurons help store long-term memories, he says. Researchers already knew that if they caught the formation of a memory within minutes, they could wipe it from the brain's hippocampus with chemicals that stop neurons from making new proteins. ©2007 Nature Publishing Group

Keyword: Learning & Memory
Link ID: 10604 - Posted: 06.24.2010

A vaccine designed to tackle multiple sclerois has passed initial safety tests, say Canadian scientists. It is hoped that the BHT-3009 jab might reduce the damaging immune system attacks which cause the disease. Early checks were carried out on 30 patients at Montreal Neurological Institute, reported the journal Archives of Neurology. A British expert said that the way was clear for bigger trials - perhaps showing real benefits to patients. There is no cure for MS, which happens when the body's own defence system launches an attack on the tissue that surrounds nerve fibres, causing irreversible and worsening symptoms such as weakness and vision loss. DNA vaccines are already used in healthy patients to protect against infectious diseases, but the latest idea is to give them to patients with an existing disease such as MS. The Montreal researchers said they thought their study was the first time that a DNA vaccine had been given to someone with an "auto-immune" disease. Animal experiments have suggested that it might be possible to tweak the body's immune system so that the unwanted self-harming response becomes smaller, slowing the progress of the disease. The small-scale Montreal trial - using 30 MS patients - was designed to check that the vaccine would not cause any unexpected side-effects in advance of large-scale trials. The scientists also checked to see if there was any evidence in the tiny number of patients who received the vaccine that it was having an effect on their disease. (C)BBC

Keyword: Multiple Sclerosis; Neuroimmunology
Link ID: 10603 - Posted: 08.15.2007

By CARL ZIMMER To understand the rules that govern life, biologists often seek out the weird extremes. And when it comes to family life, it is hard to find a weirder example than that of a common wasp known as Copidosoma floridanum. “You couldn’t dream up a more surreal life cycle than these guys have,” said Mike Strand, a professor at the University of Georgia. Copidosoma floridanum, native throughout the United States, is a parasite. The female wasps lay one or two eggs inside the egg of the cabbage looper moth. As the host egg develops into a caterpillar, the wasp egg grows into a microscopic cluster of grapes. Each grapelike mass of cells develops into a wasp embryo. A single egg can give rise to more than 3,000 genetically identical siblings, each about a fifth of an inch long. “The caterpillar is about two to three inches long, so you can stuff a lot of wasps in there,” Dr. Strand said. Most of the larvae are maggotlike creatures that drink the caterpillar’s blood. But up to a quarter of the wasps take on an entirely different form. They develop slender, snakelike bodies and rasping jaws. Instead of slurping blood, these hundreds of soldiers attack other wasp larvae. “They just latch on and suck away,” Dr. Strand said. The blood-suckers that are not killed by the soldiers eventually begin to devour the organs of their host, become pupae, and then develop into adults that fly away. The soldiers, on the other hand, cannot escape. “It’s lights out for the soldiers when their siblings eat the caterpillar,” Dr. Strand said. Copyright 2007 The New York Times Company

Keyword: Sexual Behavior; Evolution
Link ID: 10602 - Posted: 06.24.2010

By ABIGAIL ZUGER Like the finish line of a long road race, the Times Square subway platform one recent hot afternoon was a study in wet humanity, from drenched (a large woman in shorts and a skimpy, sweat-splotched top, flushed and vigorously fanning herself), to barely bedewed (an elderly man in a suit and tie calmly reading his paper). Who would believe that every sufferer had the same model of personal air-conditioner operating at full blast? Sweat is our interior coolant, part of a uniquely human biologic machine. The machine drips and occasionally stalls: long waits on torpid platforms can inspire glum reflections on how it will hold up as the planet heats up. But experts counsel optimism: the system is sturdy, adjustable and even reproducible by engineers working to make our future sweaty selves more comfortable. Humans operate in a tiny range of preferred internal temperatures. We can tolerate overcooling, routinely recovering from long periods of hypothermia with body temperatures diving 20 or more degrees below normal. But we have little tolerance for even brief overheating: the brain malfunctions with six or seven degrees of fever, and an internal temperature of 110, barely a dozen degrees above normal, is often cited as the upper limit compatible with life. So a good internal air-conditioner is essential, both to dissipate the heat generated by the body’s metabolism and to relieve the heat absorbed from miserable summer weather. Copyright 2007 The New York Times Company

Keyword: Miscellaneous
Link ID: 10601 - Posted: 06.24.2010

They look like the makings of quite a headache. But these electrodes, which act much like a heart pacemaker, actually stimulate the brain. DBS, or deep brain stimulation, is sometimes administered to people with Parkinson's disease, depression, epilepsy and obsessive-compulsive disorders when "other traditional options are not optimal," says Ali R. Rezai, the director of Cleveland Clinic's Center for Neurological Restoration. Rezai and his team have also used DBS to reawaken a brain-damaged patient from a minimally conscious state. As they reported earlier this month, surgeons implanted two electrodes in the patient's thalamus, an area that controls arousal, communication and the integration of information, says Rezai. A device located under the skin of the chest sends electricity via the electrodes to the brain. The force and timing of those signals are controlled by doctors. Although not yet functioning at 100 percent, the patient is able to speak, chew, swallow, and demonstrate motions like brushing his teeth when his DBS device is on. But doctors caution that his case could be unusual: DBS may not help with permanently vegetative patients or even others in a minimally conscious state. © Copyright 1996-2007 The Washington Post Company

Keyword: Attention
Link ID: 10600 - Posted: 06.24.2010

By Elizabeth Svoboda Seven years ago, Robert Gesteland, a biologist at the University of Cincinnati, and his colleague Robert Frank, a psychologist, decided to tackle a perplexing topic: why some people are more open to trying unfamiliar foods. Suspecting that picky eaters might be more attuned to strong smells, they set about trying to quantify this. "Someone turned up the suggestion that people might take smaller sniffs once they detect a smell," Gesteland said. "It was natural for me to say, 'How can we measure that? Let me see what I can put together in the garage.' " Since then, the apparatus he built at his home workbench has evolved into a device called the Sniff Magnitude Test - and one the two scientists are using for a much different purpose. As the only test that measures patients' ability to smell without requiring them to put the sensation into words, it shows promise in helping detect neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's in their earliest stages. Doctors have known for years that when people with these diseases begin the slide toward dementia, an inability to smell is often the first sign of a problem. Because comparatively few brain cells are devoted to processing odors, "there's good reason to think the olfactory system is affected very early on with these conditions," said Richard Doty, director of the University of Pennsylvania's Smell and Taste Center, who has done research comparing the Sniff Magnitude Test with other smell-assessment measures. "Many patients tell their doctors they can't smell years before they actually get Alzheimer's or Parkinson's." © 2007 the International Herald Tribune

Keyword: Chemical Senses (Smell & Taste); Alzheimers
Link ID: 10599 - Posted: 06.24.2010

If you're so smart, why aren't you rich? Although money and mental muscles may seem a natural match, brains, alas, may be more hindrance than help when it comes to getting rich, concludes a new study in the journal Intelligence. "It is still not well understood why some people are rich and others are poor," writes study author Jay Zagorsky of Ohio State University. "Luck, timing, parents, choice of spouse and many other factors play important roles in shaping an individual's circumstances," he acknowledges in his study, which looks for a link between intelligence scores, wages and wealth. Past analyses have mostly just looked at income, with studies of World War II veterans finding a link between smarts and a better salary. The controversial 1994 book, The Bell Curve, by Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray, went further, arguing that few high-IQ types end up in poverty. Within a few years, that conclusion was later found lacking by Cornell University economist John Cawley and others. But what good is it to be smart and have a better salary if you end up broke or spending it all on credit card bills? asks Zagorsky. Looking at the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979's latest round of survey answers from more than 7,000 randomly-selected participants, he tries to tackle the question of whether better IQs lead to bulging bank accounts and less bankruptcy. (Funded by the federal Bureau of Labor Statistics, the NLSY 1979 has questioned the same people 21 times from 1979 to 2004, with participants now ranging in age from 33 to 41 and almost evenly split between men and women.) Copyright 2007 USA TODAY

Keyword: Intelligence
Link ID: 10598 - Posted: 08.15.2007

By Nikhil Swaminathan Scientists have determined that the death of two distinct populations of neurons in the brain trigger symptoms of Parkinson's disease. Neuroscientists have long believed that the tremors, stiffness and sluggish gait characteristic of Parkinson's disease resulted from the death of neurons in a section of the midbrain that produce the neurotransmitter dopamine, which helps to maintain proper motion control. A new study in mice, however, suggests that the disorder may actually be caused not only by hobbled dopamine-producing cells but also by neurons in the locus coeruleus region of the brain stem that produce norepinephrine, a chemical related to dopamine and associated with everything from anxiety to attention to blood pressure regulation. The new finding could lead to new therapies for combating the debilitating condition. Researchers previously believed that Parkinson's, which affects an estimated 500,000 Americans, most over 60, was triggered when 80 percent of the dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra region of the midbrain died, disrupting the signaling between that structure and another midbrain region called the striatum, which controls motion. But David Weinshenker, an associate professor of human genetics at Emory University in Atlanta and senior author of the study published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, says autopsies on Parkinson's-ravaged brains showed a concurrent loss of norepinephrine-producing cells as well. "The death of norepinephrine neurons has been known among neuropathologists for decades," he says, yet the cells had not been linked to the causation of Parkinson's symptoms. © 1996-2007 Scientific American, Inc.

Keyword: Parkinsons
Link ID: 10597 - Posted: 06.24.2010

Scientists have taken a big step towards a quick, sensitive test for the proteins that go haywire in mad-cow disease. Because people or animals can be infected for years without showing symptoms, the researchers say developing a better test will be key to preventing a silent epidemic. Right now, the only method that blood banks have for keeping deadly mad cow disease (called variant Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease, or vCJD ) out of the blood supply is with donor questionnaires. National Institutes of Health researcher Byron Caughey has been searching for a better way for more than a decade. "There have been several examples now where it's documented that humans who've received blood transfusions from other people, who unbeknownst to anyone had CJD, have actually come down with CJD themselves," Caughey says. By the time prion diseases cause sickness and death, huge amounts of the infectious misfolded proteins can be easily found in the brain. Yet the infection can start off with only tiny amounts of prions. "It can take from months to decades depending on the particular prion disease and the species, but during that time, infected individuals can serve as carriers of the disease," says Caughey. "It really is key to be able to pick up those otherwise invisible infections, prion infections before any potential transmissions to others can occur." © ScienCentral, 2000-2007

Keyword: Prions
Link ID: 10596 - Posted: 06.24.2010

Jennifer Viegas, Discovery News — Mental disorders associated with aging, including Alzheimer's, are far more common in domesticated cats than previously realized, with more than half of all cats over age 15 showing signs of senility, according to a forthcoming Journal of Small Animal Practice paper. The findings support a growing body of evidence suggesting that most, if not all, mammals, can suffer age-related conditions normally associated with people. In the case of cats, the main difference is that a 15-year-old individual can be compared to an 85-year-old person. Another recent study found that about half of all octogenarians, too, show signs of dementia. The behaviors associated with senility in cats range from acting disoriented to changes in their social relationships, to shifting sleep habits, said lead author Danielle Gunn-Moore, head of the Feline Clinic at the University of Edinburgh's Hospital for Small Animals. They may also include inappropriate vocalizing, forgetting commands, breaking housetraining, pacing, wandering, sluggishness, unusual interest or disinterest in food, and decreased grooming and confusion, such as "forgetting that they have just been fed," said Gunn-Moore. © 2007 Discovery Communications

Keyword: Alzheimers
Link ID: 10595 - Posted: 06.24.2010