Mark Easton A year ago, the late, great John Mortimer announced to the world that, at the age of 84, he was going to start smoking. "I'm not particularly keen on smoking", he confessed. "I used to smoke and then I gave it up, partly because I don't like dirty ashtrays. But I forced myself to take it up again when the government said it would ban smoking in public places" . Politicians struggle to change our behaviour. The more they urge us to go out and shop for Britain, the more we are likely to squirrel our money under the mattress. If government insists that we eat our greens or that we wear helmets on motorbikes, some will delight in devouring doughnuts as they zip about on a scooter sporting a sombrero. Distrust of and disdain for authority explain the attitude of many to those who Mortimer described as the "busy control freaks". People don't like being bossed about. Nevertheless, making society function well does require control. We tend to expect government to do more than make the trains run on time and keep the drains clear. For instance, many think it is the job of politicians to sort out the drugs problem. Drugs present a particular conundrum, however. Passing legislation (lots of it) is said to have had virtually no effect other than to criminalise millions. You may recall last summer's post in which I quoted a report from the UK Drugs Policy Commission saying that "law enforcement efforts have had little adverse effect on the availability of illicit drugs in the UK". (C)BBC

Keyword: Drug Abuse
Link ID: 12463 - Posted: 01.19.2009

By Carey Goldberg In the world of therapy, Dr. Aaron T. Beck is a rock star. Considered the father of cognitive behavioral therapy, a form of psychological treatment that has swept the country in recent decades, he has been so famous for so long that some are surprised to find out that he is still, at 87, hard at work. Beck has recently come out with a new, overarching theory of depression, the mood darkness that in any given year afflicts an estimated 5 percent of Americans (and probably a higher percentage this year). More than a generation ago, Beck helped overturn the classical idea that depression was "anger turned inward," a form of self-punishment. Instead, back then he put forth a cognitive model of depression - that it is a problem of negative bias and habits of thought. Any failure means "I am a loser." A rejection means "Nobody loves me." Now, he has updated his cognitive model with the latest advances in brain science and genetics, and published it in the American Journal of Psychiatry. Beck, a professor of psychiatry at the University of Pennsylvania, cautions that much of the research he cites is still preliminary. But he sketches out a coherent overview of converging psychology and biology that goes roughly like this: Begin with genes. Beck and others used to speculate about a "blue gene." Researchers are now beginning to identify specific genes that could make the brain "hyperreactive to negative experiences," leading to depression, he writes. © 2009 NY Times Co.

Keyword: Depression
Link ID: 12462 - Posted: 06.24.2010

By Colin Nickerson Men are red, women are green, the nose may be key to "reading" a face, and ordinary eyebrows may be what makes a face recognizable, rather than, say, provocatively bee-stung lips or baby blues. Those insights into how we "see" faces are part of the growing field of facial recognition, one of the hottest realms in psychology and neural science. "It's very controversial: How do we see a face?" said Pawan Sinha, professor of vision and computational neuroscience at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Among the fiercely debated topics, he said, "is whether we learn to recognize faces or whether we come prewired with dedicated brainware for recognizing faces. The disagreement is deep - and rather sharp." The focus on faces at universities and other research centers is far from purely academic. In the age of terrorism, police and intelligence agencies are clamoring for new technologies that can scan and accurately identify faces - winnow a "wanted" individual from the anonymous airport crowd, or a terrorist scoping out public buildings. "Understanding how the brain works is the greatest mystery facing us in this century," said Garrison W. Cottrell, professor of computer science at the University of California in San Diego's Jacobs School of Engineering. "And facial recognition is among the greatest challenges to understanding the brain." In pursuit of answers, psychologists and brain scientists have come up with some unexpected data. © 2009 NY Times Co

Keyword: Emotions
Link ID: 12461 - Posted: 06.24.2010

By Frances Stead Sellers Focused though the world is on the youthful athleticism of the 47-year-old who will take the oath of office tomorrow, it's tempting to ask what impact his new job will have on President-elect Barack Obama over his four -- or eight -- years in office. The battle lines of two or more wars may by then have furrowed his brow; a sagging economy put bags under his eyes; and as-yet-untold worries stolen the spring from his jump shot. That's unless another trait, the calm with which Obama apparently responds to stress, allows him to transcend the unique demands of leading the free world. If looks are anything to go by -- and science suggests they may be -- the cares of the world weigh heavily on our leaders. Witness the graying of Bill Clinton and the wizening of George W. Bush. Presidents undergo a process of accelerated aging, according to Michael Roizen, who has accumulated facts and figures on presidential health dating back to the 1920s and speculates that "presidents get two years older for every year they're in office." If Roizen's right, eight years from now Obama may look more 63 than 55, more Clarence Thomas than Denzel Washington. There's no single theory of aging, or senescence, to explain why some people age more quickly than others. Most agree, though, that our bodies reach their peak in our mid-20s, and it's almost all downhill from there -- and slow going, given that life expectancy in the United States now extends about a decade beyond the proverbial three score years and 10. © 2009 The Washington Post Company

Keyword: Stress; Neuroimmunology
Link ID: 12460 - Posted: 06.24.2010

By PAM BELLUCK Even before his son was born, Pawan Sinha saw unique potential. At a birthing class, Dr. Sinha, a neuroscience professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, stunned everyone, including his wife, by saying he was excited about the baby’s birth “because I really want to study him and do experiments with him.” He did, too, strapping a camera on baby Darius’s head, recording what he looked at. Dr. Sinha is among a new crop of scientists using their children as research subjects. Other researchers have studied their own children in the past, but sophisticated technology allows modern-day scientists to collect new and more detailed data. The scientists also say that studying their children allows for more in-depth research and that the children make reliable participants in an era of scarce research financing. “You need subjects, and they’re hard to get,” said Deborah Linebarger, a developmental psychologist who directs the Children’s Media Lab at the University of Pennsylvania, who has involved her four children in her studies of the effect of media on children. Arthur Toga, a neurology professor at the medical school at the University of California, Los Angeles, studying brain change, scanned his three children’s brains using magnetic resonance imaging. Copyright 2009 The New York Times Company

Keyword: Development of the Brain
Link ID: 12459 - Posted: 06.24.2010

By Bruce Bower People diagnosed with the mental ailment known as borderline personality disorder hemorrhage emotion. Real or perceived rejections, losses or even minor slights trigger depression and other volatile reactions that can lead to suicide. New brain-imaging research suggests that in people with borderline personality disorder, specific neural circuits foster extreme emotional oversensitivity and an inability to conceive of other people as having both positive and negative qualities. Psychiatrist Harold Koenigsberg of Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York City described his team’s results January 17 in New York City at the winter meeting of the American Psychoanalytic Association. “I suspect that in social situations, people with this disorder activate the brain in unique ways,” Koenigsberg says. Koenigsberg’s findings unveil brain networks that may underlie the “faulty brakes” that borderline personality patients attempt to apply to their emotional reactions, remarks psychiatrist John Oldham of Baylor College of Medicine in Houston. It’s not yet clear whether the types of brain activity observed in the new study also occur in any of a handful of other personality disorders, Oldham adds. Borderline personality disorder affects one in five psychiatric patients. It most frequently affects women, especially those who are also depressed, and men who also display violent and criminal tendencies classed as antisocial personality disorder. About one in 10 people with borderline personality disorder commit suicide. This condition is extremely difficult to treat, Koenigsberg notes. © Society for Science & the Public 2000 - 2009

Keyword: Emotions
Link ID: 12458 - Posted: 06.24.2010

By Tina Hesman Saey Tattoos on the skin can say a lot about person. On a deeper level, chemical tattoos on a person’s DNA are just as distinctive and individual — and say far more about a person’s life history. A pair of reports published online January 18 in Nature Genetics show just how important one type of DNA tattoo, called methylation, can be. Researchers at Johns Hopkins University report the unexpected finding that most DNA methylation — a chemical alteration that turns off genes — occurs most often near, but not precisely within, the DNA regions on which scientists have typically focused their studies. The other report, from researchers at the Universityof Toronto and collaborators, suggests that identical twins owe their similarity not only to having the same genetic make-up, but also to certain methylation patterns established in the fertilized egg. Methylation is just one of many epigenetic signals — chemical changes to DNA and its associated proteins — that modify gene activity without altering the genetic information in the genes. Methylation and other epigenetic signals help guide stem cells as they develop into other type of cells. Scientists have long suspected that mishandling methylation and other epigenetic flags could lead to cancer. The Johns Hopkins group has now shown that DNA methylation is more common at what they call “CpG island shores” instead of at the CpG islands that most researchers have been studying. CpG islands are short stretches of DNA rich in the bases cytosine and guanine, also known as C and G in the genetic alphabet. (Adenine (A) and thymine (T) are the other DNA bases.) CpG islands are located near the start site of genes and help control a gene’s activity. Planting a chemical flag called a methyl group on an island declares the gene off-limits, blocking activity. © Society for Science & the Public 2000 - 2009

Keyword: Genes & Behavior; Development of the Brain
Link ID: 12457 - Posted: 06.24.2010

A virtual "body double" system has been developed to help people regain movement after a stroke by highlighting the muscles they are using. Pioneered by Dutch researchers, the system displays an image of the person training and the force at which they are using their muscles on a screen. The Human Body Model is being tested at the Sheba Hospital in Tel Aviv, Israel, reports the New Scientist. It is the latest in a series of virtual reality physiotherapy treatments. The user must don a suit which has 47 reflective markers pointing to specific muscles. They then undertake exercise such as running or walking on a treadmill or pushing weights while infrared lights and cameras are used to track the markers. Sensors on the floor are also used to measure the force applied to the ground by the user's feet. This information is then fed into a computer and the results projected onto a screen. "It allows you to see the muscle groups you are using in real time, and even the forces they are creating, which are usually invisible," says Oshri Even-Zohar, who developed the system. But he conceded it could not show every muscle at work. "There is no tool in medical science that allows you to measure all the muscle forces in motion." (C)BBC

Keyword: Stroke; Movement Disorders
Link ID: 12456 - Posted: 01.17.2009

People who drink too much coffee could start seeing ghosts or hearing strange voices, UK research has suggested. People who drank more than seven cups of instant coffee a day were three times more likely to hallucinate than those who took just one, a study found. A Durham University team questioned 200 students about their caffeine intake, the journal Personality and Individual Differences reported. However, academics say the findings do not prove a "causal link". They also stress that experiencing hallucinations is not a definite sign of mental illness and that about 3% of people regularly hear voices. "This is the first step toward looking at the wider factors associated with hallucinations," said psychology PhD student Simon Jones, who led the study. He said previous research had suggested factors such as childhood trauma could be linked to hallucinations. When under stress, the body releases a hormone called cortisol which is produced in greater quantities after consuming caffeine. The extra cortisol boost could be what causes a person to hallucinate. Therefore, Mr James added, it made sense to examine the link between caffeine and mood. Besides coffee, sources such as tea, chocolate, "pep" pills and energy drinks contain caffeine. After asking the students about their typical intake, the research team assessed their susceptibility to hallucinatory experiences and stress levels. (C)BBC

Keyword: Drug Abuse
Link ID: 12455 - Posted: 01.17.2009

By Claudia Kalb Science is rich with happy flukes. Remember the story of penicillin? Alexander Fleming discovered the bacteria-destroying mold by accident when he left a culture dish uncovered in his lab in 1928. Eight decades later, here's another one: a Googlesoftware program called SketchUp, which was intended largely for architects and design professionals, has found a very unexpected and welcome fan base—children with autism. SketchUp is not only entertaining kids with autism spectrum disorders, it's providing them with skills that might one day help them as they age out of school and into the workforce. It all started when Google's Tom Wyman and Chris Cronin started getting enthusiastic calls and e-mails from architects who had children on the spectrum. Their kids, the parents reported, had discovered the software program and loved it. All they needed was their creativity and a computer mouse and they could design entire neighborhoods. It turns out that SketchUp, which was acquired by Google from a small Colorado-based startup in 2006, allows people with autism to express their ideas in a visual way—a welcome release for kids who have trouble communicating through speech or writing. "After the second or third call, you begin to think there may be something here," says Wyman. So he contacted his local chapter of the Autism Society of America (ASA) in Boulder. "What gives?" he asked. What gives is that many people with autism excel at visual thinking. Studies show they perform exceptionally well on the Block Design Task, part of a standard IQ test, which assesses an individual's ability to recreate a complicated red and white pattern using a set of red and white blocks. "They're able to mentally segment the design into its component parts so they can see where each block would go," says Ellen Winner, a professor of psychology at Boston College, something non-autistic kids have trouble doing. © 2009 Newsweek, Inc.

Keyword: Autism
Link ID: 12454 - Posted: 06.24.2010

It started when Levi Barron's right hand curled into a claw shortly after his 13th birthday. Always laid-back, he told his mom that he'd just learn to write with the other hand and not to worry. But the debilitating stiffness crept to his other hand, and soon the athletic hockey player was having trouble walking and even fell a few times. It took four doctors and a stint in hospital, paralyzed from the waist down and so dizzy he couldn't open his eyes without vomiting, for Levi to finally get a diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. "I remember just being so frightened and upset that I didn't know that kids got MS," says Karen Barron, Levi's mom. Once thought of as a young adult disease striking people in their 20s or 30s, it is increasingly being recognized that multiple sclerosis can actually emerge much earlier, says Jon Temme, vice-president of client services and research for the Multiple Sclerosis Society of Canada. "Certainly the likelihood of a child being diagnosed accurately is much greater now than it would have been a decade ago." © CBC 2009

Keyword: Multiple Sclerosis; Development of the Brain
Link ID: 12453 - Posted: 06.24.2010

By Kay Lazar Now, research suggests that the song was essentially right, and illustrates just how the brain manages to dismiss negative memories but retain the positive ones as we get older. A team of researchers from Duke University and University of Alberta took two groups of volunteers - one in their mid-20s, one in their 70s - and showed them photos that were either neutral or very negative, depicting such things as mutilated bodies or sick children. Later, the participants were unexpectedly asked to recall the images. The older group had a harder time recalling the negative images than the younger group, and brain scans revealed the differences in brain activity between the two groups. The study - which points to possible ways to improve memory in aging adults - appears in the January issue of Psychological Science. Peggy St. Jacques, the Duke University graduate student in psychology and cognitive neuroscience who is the lead author, said there are primal reasons why seniors tend to take a dim view of unpleasant memories. "As we age, we have a more limited perspective of the time we have left," she said, "so we may focus more on things that increase our emotional well-being." In practical terms, that might mean that an older person's memory of the family reunion will focus on the delights of the grandchildren playing on the lawn, not the shouting match at lunch over their divorcing parents' custody battle. Or on the glow of the sunset over the dunes, not the litter scattered across the sand. © 2009 NY Times Co.

Keyword: Learning & Memory; Alzheimers
Link ID: 12452 - Posted: 06.24.2010

By INGFEI CHEN Contrary to popular belief, premenstrual syndrome does not bedevil all women. In the days before their menstrual period begins, an estimated 20 to 40 percent of women experience changes like bloating, headaches and crankiness that are bothersome enough to be called PMS. A far smaller slice of the female sex — just a few percent — suffer severe mood symptoms that would qualify as premenstrual dysphoric disorder, or PMDD. For these women, life is roiled at work, home and in social relationships for a week or so each month as an emotional rollercoaster plunges them into profound sadness or takes them to peaks of frustration or anxiety. But the troubles vanish after menstruation begins. The very existence of this severe form of PMS is, however, an old — and ongoing — flashpoint of controversy. PMDD stirred passionate protests 20 years ago, when the American Psychiatric Association considered adding the diagnostic category to the 1994 edition of its clinical practice bible, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, or DSM. Women’s health activists argued that the diagnosis pathologized the menstrual cycle and would stigmatize many women by wrongly labeling them mentally ill, and put them in jeopardy of discrimination at the workplace or in child custody battles. Copyright 2009 The New York Times Company

Keyword: Hormones & Behavior; Emotions
Link ID: 12451 - Posted: 06.24.2010

Rebecca Renner The Los Angeles Times brought a startling discovery to the public’s attention in 2005: during a small monitoring survey off the coast of Southern California, scientists found male flatfish with female characteristics. The intersex fish were found in the vicinity of the three massive wastewater outfalls that dump treated sewage effluent into the Pacific Ocean and serve the booming metropolis of Los Angeles and adjacent Orange County. As a result, the scientists hypothesized that the discharges−almost 4 billion gallons a day from more than 10 million people−were disrupting the endocrine systems of the fish. Flash forward to November 2008 and the annual meeting of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC), where biologist Steve Bay with the Southern California Coastal Water Research Project (SCCWRP) summed up the 2005 findings. “We knew that the results were not statistically significant, but all the intersex fish were found between the Los Angeles and Orange County outfalls” he said. The numbers were small: in total, 82 male hornyhead turbot and English sole were caught at 30 sites along 600 miles of coastline. Eleven out of 64 caught in the vicinity of the outfalls had ovary tissue in their testes. No such sexual defects were found elsewhere. Additional studies appeared to support these findings. Two-thirds of the male turbot and sole caught near Orange County’s sewage outfall had vitellogenin, or egg-producing proteins, more commonly found in female fish (Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2003, 22, 1309−1317). In laboratory experiments, male fish exposed to ocean sediment collected from the same area all produced vitellogenin (Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2005, 11, 2820−2826). © 2009 American Chemical Society

Keyword: Sexual Behavior; Hormones & Behavior
Link ID: 12450 - Posted: 06.24.2010

Coco Ballantyne A new study suggests that if schizophrenia runs in a family, there's a good chance that bipolar disorder does as well (and vice versa). The findings, published today in the journal The Lancet, suggest that the two disorders are caused by some of the same genes. "These findings say that [schizophrenia and bipolar disorder] are related, above all, for genetic reasons," says lead study author Paul Lichtenstein, a genetic epidemiologist at the Karolinska Institutet in Stockholm, Sweden. "[Therefore] it might not be a good idea to view these disorders as separate entities." Lichtenstein and his colleagues (researchers from both the U.S. and Sweden) scoured the entire Swedish population for anyone with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder by reviewing psychiatric discharge data from all Swedish hospitals between 1973 and 2004. They identified 35,985 people with schizophrenia (0.40 percent of the population) and 40,487 people with bipolar disorder (0.45 percent of the population). To figure out if and how some of these patients were related, the researchers searched for these individuals in Sweden's multi-generation register, a population database that links nearly every person born in Sweden (population: around 9 million) to his or her parents. This way, they were able to identify parents, children and siblings who shared the diseases. © 1996-2009 Scientific American Inc.

Keyword: Schizophrenia; Genes & Behavior
Link ID: 12449 - Posted: 06.24.2010

By Bruce Bower Wild capuchin monkeys don’t thoughtlessly grab any handy piece of stone to crack open hard-shelled nuts at snack time. These slender, agile primates select the best tool for the job, a new study finds. Much like people, capuchins translate past experiences into action, say primatologist Elisabetta Visalberghi of the Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies in Rome and her colleagues. These monkeys draw on a reservoir of knowledge about a variety of stones and nuts to select suitable nut-cracking implements, the scientists assert in a study published online January 15 in Current Biology. Capuchins make mental plans for fracturing a particular nut before selecting an appropriate stone for the task, Visalberghi’s team proposes. “The present findings make capuchins a compelling model to track the evolutionary roots of stone-tool use,” Visalberghi says. Because capuchins last shared a common ancestor with humans approximately 35 million years ago, the team writes, the capacity for stone-tool use evolved earlier than thought. In Visalberghi’s investigation, wild monkeys living in a forested area of Brazil individually approached two or three stones that differed in hardness, size or weight. One stone was best for cracking nearby palm nuts. Nearly all the time, animals chose the superior stone. © Society for Science & the Public 2000 - 2009

Keyword: Evolution; Intelligence
Link ID: 12448 - Posted: 06.24.2010

Jennifer Viegas -- Fish aren't known for their impressive singing ability, although some can grunt and hum, yet singing originated in lungfish, according to new research that also determined how songbirds consistently produce melodious, sweet tunes. In the future, the findings may lead to better human singing, as well as improved treatments for speech impediments, since humans and birds sing using similar techniques. "Babies go through several phases of learning before they fully speak -- like babbling, one word, two words, etc. -- and so do songbirds," co-author Tobias Riede told Discovery News. Riede, a researcher at the National Center for Voice and Speech, explained that young songbirds also "babble," producing sub-songs, before they create more varied "plastic" songs and then graduate to bird crooning perfection with their adult songs. "Both babies and songbird chicks need a tutor or they don't pick up the adult version," he added. "Part of that learning is exercising motor patterns." Riede and colleague Roderick Suthers focused on one such motor pattern, articulation, to explore the origins of singing and how birds, in particular, make their sounds. They placed white-throated sparrows in an X-ray machine at Indiana University and watched the inside of each bird's throat area as it sang. The sparrow's song is often described by birdwatchers as, "Oh sweet Canada, Canada, Canada," since it resembles a few notes in the Canadian national anthem. © 2009 Discovery Communications

Keyword: Language; Animal Communication
Link ID: 12447 - Posted: 06.24.2010

by Duncan Graham-Rowe THE eyes may be the windows to the soul, but they also make pretty good peepholes into the brain. Thanks to an optical version of ultrasound, it is becoming possible to locate and monitor the growth of brain tumours, and to track neurodegenerative conditions like multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease - all by peering into the eye. The brain is connected to each eye by an optic nerve, so any degeneration of the brain caused by such diseases can also damage cells along the nerve and in the retina, says Helen Danesh-Meyer, an eye surgeon and neuro-ophthalmologist at the University of Auckland Medical School in New Zealand. Indeed, a loss of visual function is one of the first symptoms in many people with a neurodegenerative condition. Although evidence of a link between degeneration of the optic nerve and diseases such as Alzheimer's has been around since the late 1980s, without instruments capable of measuring the retinal changes accurately it is only recently that this knowledge could be put to use, says Danesh-Meyer. The accuracy of ophthalmological tools has greatly improved in the last few years. Developments include a type of laser-camera technique called Heidelberg retina tomography (HRT), and a laser device called GDx, both of which can be used to scan the shape and thickness of optical nerve fibres at the back of the eye. © Copyright Reed Business Information Ltd

Keyword: Vision; Alzheimers
Link ID: 12446 - Posted: 06.24.2010

A relatively new area of the brain's cerebral cortex evolved to enable humans and other primates the necessary small motor skills to pick up small objects and deftly use tools, scientists now say. In most animals, including cats, rats and some monkeys, the brain's primary motor cortex controls all movements indirectly through the circuitry of the spinal cord, said researcher Peter Strick, professor of neurobiology at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Pittsburgh's Veterans Affairs Medical Center. But in humans, some monkeys and the great apes that use tools, another area of the motor cortex developed and is now home to a special set of cortico-motoneuronal (CM) cells, Strick explained. These cells directly control spinal cord motor neurons, which are the nerve cells responsible for causing contraction of shoulder, elbow and finger muscles. Story continues below ↓advertisement | your ad here The direct control exerted by CM cells bypasses the limitations imposed by spinal cord circuitry and permits the development of highly complex patterns of movement, such as the finger action needed to type. "What we've shown is that along with evolution of direct control over motor neurons, a new cortical area has evolved that's right next to the old one," Strick said. © 2009 LiveScience.com.

Keyword: Evolution
Link ID: 12445 - Posted: 06.24.2010

By BENEDICT CAREY and RONI CARYN RABIN The popular drugs known as atypical antipsychotics, prescribed for an array of conditions, including schizophrenia, autism and dementia, double patients’ risk of dying from sudden heart failure, a study has found. The finding is the latest in a succession of recent reports contradicting the long-held assumption that the new drugs, which include Risperdal, Zyprexa and Seroquel, are safer than the older and much less expensive medications that they replaced. The risk of death from the drugs is not high, on average about 3 percent in a person being treated at least 10 years, according to the study, published Thursday in The New England Journal of Medicine. Nor was the risk different from that of the older antipsychotic drugs. But it was significant enough that an accompanying editorial urged doctors to limit their prescribing of antipsychotic drugs, especially to children and elderly patients, who can be highly susceptible to the drugs’ side effects, including rapid weight gain. In recent years, the newer drugs, which account for about 90 percent of the market, have become increasingly controversial, as prescription rates to children and elderly people have soared. Doctors use the drugs to settle outbursts related to a host of psychiatric disorders, including attention deficit disorder and Alzheimer’s disease. Most are not approved for such use. After an analysis of study data, the Food and Drug Administration required that all antipsychotics’ labels contain a warning that the drugs were associated with a heightened risk of heart failure in elderly patients. Copyright 2009 The New York Times Company

Keyword: Schizophrenia
Link ID: 12444 - Posted: 06.24.2010