There is a strong link in obesity between mothers and daughters and fathers and sons, but not across the gender divide, research suggests. A study of 226 families by Plymouth's Peninsula Medical School found obese mothers were 10 times more likely to have obese daughters. For fathers and sons, there was a six-fold rise. But in both cases children of the opposite sex were not affected. The researchers believe the link is behavioural rather than genetic. They say the findings mean policy on obesity should be re-thought. Researchers said it was "highly unlikely" that genetics was playing a role in the findings as it would be unusual for them to influence children along gender lines. Instead, they said it was probably because of some form of "behavioural sympathy" where daughters copied the lifestyles of their mothers and sons their fathers. It is because of this conclusion that experts believe government policy on tackling obesity should be re-thought. Much of the focus so far in the UK - in terms of targets and monitoring - has been targeted at younger age groups in the belief that obese children become obese adults. But the researchers said the assumption ignored the fact that eight in 10 obese adults were not severely overweight when they were children. In fact, they said their findings suggested the opposite was true - that obese adults led to obese children, the International Journal of Obesity reported. Study leader Professor Terry Wilkin said: "It is the reverse of what we have thought and this has fundamental implications for policy. "We should be targeting the parents and that is not something we have really done to date." (C)BBC

Keyword: Obesity; Genes & Behavior
Link ID: 13055 - Posted: 07.14.2009

By Judy Foreman Massachusetts does not allow medical marijuana, but the Legislature’s public health committee held hearings on a bill this spring that would allow patients with specified conditions to use marijuana with written certification from a physician or other practitioner licensed to prescribe controlled substances. Last year, voters approved ballot Question 2, which removed the possibility of jail for simple marijuana possession. Now, possession of an ounce or less is punishable by only a $100 fine and forfeiture of the marijuana. That ballot initiative did nothing to change the law regarding drug paraphernalia - such as the machines that vaporize marijuana. This means that vaporizers are “probably’’ still illegal, says Michael Cutler, a lawyer. But marijuana, says the 48-year-old Ware resident, is the only thing that even begins to control the migraine headaches that plague her nine days a month, which she describes as feeling like “hot, hot ice picks in the left side of my head.’’ Duda has always had migraines. But they got much worse 10 years ago after two operations to remove life-threatening aneurysms, weak areas in the blood vessels in her brain. None of the standard drugs her doctors prescribe help much with her post-surgical symptoms, which include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and pain on her left side “as if my body were cut in half.’’ © 2009 NY Times Co.

Keyword: Drug Abuse
Link ID: 13054 - Posted: 06.24.2010

By RANDI HUTTER EPSTEIN Margie Hodgin, a nurse in Kernersville, N.C., had struggled to lose weight since she was a teenager. But it wasn't until she turned 40 that she finally took off the extra pounds, and then some. Margie Hodgin, a nurse in Kernersville, N.C., had struggled to lose weight since she was a teenager. But it wasn’t until she turned 40 that she finally took off the extra pounds, and then some. “It was a real sense of empowerment, that I can do this all on my own and no one is helping me, and I’m achieving what I want and fitting into my clothes better,” she said of her initial delight in shedding the excess weight. But what started as discipline transformed into disorder. Ms. Hodgin would not eat more than 200 calories a meal, and if she did, she made herself vomit. She surfed pro-ANA, or pro-anorexia, Web sites for advice. She knew that what she was doing was wrong — more like adolescent, she said — but she figured she was only hurting herself. Meanwhile, her chronic state of starvation was triggering wild mood swings. It was only after she and her husband had several therapy sessions that she came to realize that her eating disorder was wreaking havoc on him, as well as their three boys. Copyright 2009 The New York Times Company

Keyword: Anorexia & Bulimia
Link ID: 13053 - Posted: 06.24.2010

By Rachael Rettner There are many ways to try to explain why human brains today are so big compared to those of early humans, but the major cause may be social competition, new research suggests. But with several competing ideas, the issue remains a matter of debate. Compared to almost all other animals, human brains are larger as a percentage of body weight. And since the emergence of the first species in our Homo genus (Homo habilis) about 2 million years ago, the human brain has doubled in size. And when compared to earlier ancestors, such as australopithecines that lived 4 million to 2 million years ago, our brains are three times as large. For years, scientists have wondered what could account for this increase. Story continues below ↓advertisement | your ad here The three major hypotheses have focused on climate change, the demands of ecology and social competition. A new statistical analysis of data on 175 fossil skulls supports the latter hypothesis. The climate idea proposes that dealing with unpredictable weather and major climate shifts may have increased the ability of our ancestors to think ahead and prepare for these environmental changes, which in turn led to a larger, more cognitively adept brain. © 2009 Microsoft

Keyword: Evolution
Link ID: 13052 - Posted: 06.24.2010

Researchers funded by the National Institutes of Health have turned simple baker’s yeast into a virtual army of medicinal chemists capable of rapidly searching for drugs to treat Parkinson’s disease. In a study published online today in Nature Chemical Biology, the researchers showed that they can rescue yeast cells from toxic levels of a protein implicated in Parkinson’s disease by stimulating the cells to make very small proteins called cyclic peptides. Two of the cyclic peptides had a protective effect on the yeast cells and on neurons in an animal model of Parkinson’s disease. "This biological approach to compound development opens up an entirely new direction for drug discovery, not only for Parkinson’s disease, but theoretically for any disease where key aspects of the pathology can be reproduced in yeast," says Margaret Sutherland, Ph.D., a program director at NIH’s National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS). "A key step for the future will be to identify the cellular pathways that are affected by these cyclic peptides." The research emerged from the lab of Susan Lindquist, Ph.D., a professor of biology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Parkinson’s disease attacks cells in a part of the brain responsible for motor control and coordination. As those neurons degenerate, the disease leads to progressive deterioration of motor function including involuntary shaking, slowed movement, stiffened muscles, and impaired balance. The neurons normally produce a chemical called dopamine. A synthetic precursor of dopamine called L-DOPA or drugs that mimic dopamine’s action can provide symptomatic relief from Parkinson’s disease. Unfortunately, these drugs lose much of their effectiveness in later stages of the disease, and there is currently no means to slow the disease’s progressive course.

Keyword: Parkinsons
Link ID: 13051 - Posted: 06.24.2010

by Bob Holmes Honest people don't have to work at not cheating. They're not even tempted. That's the conclusion of the first-ever neurobiological study of honesty and cheating, which could someday help develop brain-based tests of truthfulness. When studying honesty, neuroscientists usually ask people to either tell the truth or lie while undergoing a brain scan. This is unsatisfactory, because even the "liars" are doing as they were told, so Joshua Greene and Joseph Paxton at Harvard University came up with an alternative. They asked volunteers to bet money on the flip of a coin. Sometimes the players had to record their predictions before the flip, and sometimes they said whether they had guessed correctly after the flip, giving them the opportunity to cheat. Some – but not all – did so, as evidenced by an abnormally high "success" rate. Honesty test? In each round, fMRI was used to record brain activity in the prefrontal cortex and other regions associated with decision making and behavioural control. Honest players showed no increase in brain activity when they had a chance to cheat, suggesting that they didn't have to make a conscious effort to be honest. In contrast, dishonest players showed increased brain activity whenever they had a chance to cheat – even when they reported (presumably truthfully) that they had lost. © Copyright Reed Business Information Ltd.

Keyword: Emotions
Link ID: 13050 - Posted: 06.24.2010

By Susan Cosier Have you ever heard a song when none was playing, clearly seen someone’s face when no one was there or felt the presence of a person, only to turn around to an empty room? If you’ve consumed a lot of caffeine—the equivalent to seven cups of coffee—you are three times more likely to hear voices than if you had kept your caffeine intake to less than a cup of coffee, according to psychologists at the University of Durham in England. Their recent study shows that overingesting the stimulant slightly increases your risk of experiencing other hallucinations as well. Caffeine heightens the physiological effects of stress, lead author Simon Jones says. When someone feels anxiety, the body releases the hormone cortisol, and when people drink plenty of caffeine-infused tea, coffee or soda, their body produces more of the hormone when they encounter stressful events. Researchers have proposed that cortisol may trigger or exaggerate psychotic experiences by increasing the amount of the neurotransmitter dopamine flowing into the brain’s limbic areas, evolutionarily ancient regions involved in emotion, memory and behavior. “The prevalence of hallucinations is probably greater than people would expect,” Jones says. Research shows that every year about 5 to 10 percent of people—many of whom do not suffer from mental illness—experience delusions such as hearing voices and seeing things that are not there. According to Jones, “a range of people have frequent hallucinations yet cope well with these experiences.” © 1996-2009 Scientific American Inc.

Keyword: Schizophrenia; Drug Abuse
Link ID: 13049 - Posted: 06.24.2010

Kate Ravilious Inspired by a blind man who also navigates using sound, a team of Spanish scientists has found evidence that suggests most humans can learn to echolocate. The team also confirmed that the so-called palate click—a sharp click made by depressing the tip of the tongue against the roof of the mouth—is the most effective noise for people to use. Daniel Kish, executive director of World Access for the Blind in Huntington Beach, California, was born blind. He taught himself to "see" using palate clicks when he was a small child. Kish is able to mountain bike, hike in the wilderness, and play ball games without traditional aids. To better understand Kish's skill, Juan Antonio Martínez and his colleagues at the University of Alcalá in Madrid trained ten sighted students to echolocate. "It was very difficult to persuade some people to take part in the experiments, because most [of our] colleagues though that our idea was absurd," Martínez said. The students were asked to close their eyes and make sounds until they could tell whether any objects were nearby. © 1996-2009 National Geographic Society

Keyword: Hearing
Link ID: 13048 - Posted: 06.24.2010

By Gisela Telis There may be more to a cat's purr than meets the ear. A new study reports that our feline friends modify their signature sound when seeking food, adding a higher-frequency element that exploits our sensitivity to infant wails--and thus making it harder to ignore. Although guinea pigs and even elephants can purr, felines get most of the credit for the mysterious sound. The low rumble--at 27 Hz, it's comparable to the lowest note on a piano--serves as a kind of smile, often indicating contentment. It also sometimes crops up when a cat is sick or injured, perhaps to reassure themselves, ask for help, or aid in their own healing. Behavioral ecologist Karen McComb of the University of Sussex in Brighton, U.K., became acquainted with another function for the sound when her cat Pepo began waking her for his early-morning breakfast with an insistent purr. She lamented her loss of sleep to a few cat-owning friends and learned that they too were "purred" into feeding their pets. As an animal communication expert, McComb set out to discover what made these particular purrs so coercive. She recruited 10 cat owners to record their pets' purrs when the cats were clearly seeking food and when they were resting or being petted. Next, McComb and colleagues asked 50 volunteers with varying levels of cat experience to listen to the recorded purrs and rank them according to urgency. Seventy-five percent of the volunteers--including some who had never owned cats--consistently identified the food-demanding, solicitous purrs as more urgent and more unpleasant than nonsolicitous purrs from the same cat. (See if you can hear the difference: normal purr and solicitous purr.) © 2009 American Association for the Advancement of Science

Keyword: Language; Evolution
Link ID: 13047 - Posted: 06.24.2010

Jennifer Viegas, Discovery News -- Dogs possess a two-year-old child's capacity to understand human pointing gestures, with dogs requiring next to zero learning time to figure out the visual communication, according to two recent studies. The comparison with kids doesn't end there. Due to domestication, dogs appear to be predisposed to read other human visual signals, including head-turning and gazing. Pet owners often use baby talk, scientifically known as "motherese," with both children and dogs, allowing canines and kids to receive similar social stimulation. Since chimpanzees and other non-human primates often flunk pointing gesture tests, the studies suggest dogs may understand humans better than even our closest living animal relatives do. "The human pointing gesture is cooperative in its nature," Gabriella Lakatos told Discovery News. Lakatos, a researcher in the Department of Ethology at Eotvos University, led the first study, published in the current issue of Animal Cognition. dog gesture toddler video She explained that other recent studies suggest chimpanzees "might have difficulties with comprehending situations based on cooperation," mentioning "the observation that chimpanzees do not actively share food." Dogs, on the other hand, often eagerly cooperate. © 2009 Discovery Communications, LLC.

Keyword: Language; Evolution
Link ID: 13046 - Posted: 06.24.2010

Matt Walker Common frogs (Rana temporaria) mating For frogs, timing is everything Amphibians around the world synchronise their mating activity by the full moon, researchers have discovered. This global phenomenon has never been noticed before, but frogs, toads and newts all like to mate by moonlight. The animals use the lunar cycle to co-ordinate their gatherings, ensuring that enough males and females come together at the same time. In doing so the creatures maximise their spawning success and reduce their odds of being eaten. Details of the discovery are published in the journal Animal Behaviour. Biologist Rachel Grant of the Open University was studying salamanders near a lake in central Italy for her PhD in 2005 when she noticed toads all over the road, under a full moon. "Although this might have been a coincidence, the following month I went along the same route every day at dusk and found that the numbers of toads on the road increased as the moon waxed, to a peak at full moon, and then declined again," she says. BBC © MMIX

Keyword: Biological Rhythms; Sexual Behavior
Link ID: 13045 - Posted: 06.24.2010

LONDON - Thousands of people with schizophrenia worldwide could have been saved if doctors had prescribed them the anti-psychotic drug clozapine, a new study says. Clozapine was introduced in the 1970s, but was banned for about a decade because of a rare but potentially deadly side effect: up to 2 percent of patients lose their white blood cells while taking the drug. It was brought back to the market in the 1980s with warnings about its use, and is sold generically as Clozaril, Leponex, Denzapine, Fazaclo, among other names. Story continues below ↓advertisement | your ad here In most developed countries, guidelines recommend clozapine only as a last resort, if patients have already tried two other drugs but still aren't better. In a study examining the death rates of about 67,000 schizophrenic patients in Finland versus those of the general population between 1996 and 2006, Jari Tiihonen, of the University of Kuopio in Finland, and colleagues found that patients on clozapine had the lowest risk of dying, compared to other patients with schizophrenia. The study was published online Monday in the medical journal, Lancet. James MacCabe, a consultant psychiatrist at the National Psychosis Unit at South London and Maudsley Hospital, called the research "striking and shocking." He was not linked to the study. "There is now a case to be made for revising the guidelines to make clozapine available to a much larger proportion of patients," he said. Copyright 2009 The Associated Press.

Keyword: Schizophrenia
Link ID: 13044 - Posted: 07.13.2009

by Peter Fraser ANIMAL welfare legislation generally applies only to vertebrates. There are, however, moves to include invertebrates. Proposed changes to European law, for example, would extend welfare laws to crabs and lobsters. Up to now the only invertebrate protected is the common octopus. "Invertebrate rights" has become a campaigning issue. Advocates for Animals recently produced a report which concludes that there is "potential for experiencing pain and suffering" in crustaceans. The group is particularly concerned about boiling lobsters alive. The wider public is also showing interest. Research supposedly demonstrating that hermit crabs feel and remember pain received worldwide news coverage (Animal Behaviour, vol 77, p 1243). I find the evidence unconvincing. One key argument put forward for protecting crustaceans hinges on similarities between their nervous systems and our own. Such similarities are taken as prima facie evidence that mammals feel pain. Surely this applies to invertebrates too? It is true that crustaceans have neural systems similar in some respects to those involved in human pain, but there are also important differences. The brains of lobsters and crabs have only 100,000 neurons compared with 100 billion in mammals. Their nerves conduct signals 100 times more slowly, and their brains lack the higher centres necessary for a mammal to suffer pain. © Copyright Reed Business Information Ltd.

Keyword: Animal Rights
Link ID: 13043 - Posted: 06.24.2010

By Frederik Joelving Bad language could be good for you, a new study shows. For the first time, psychologists have found that swearing may serve an important function in relieving pain. The study, published today in the journal NeuroReport, measured how long college students could keep their hands immersed in cold water. During the chilly exercise, they could repeat an expletive of their choice or chant a neutral word. When swearing, the 67 student volunteers reported less pain and on average endured about 40 seconds longer. Although cursing is notoriously decried in the public debate, researchers are now beginning to question the idea that the phenomenon is all bad. "Swearing is such a common response to pain that there has to be an underlying reason why we do it," says psychologist Richard Stephens of Keele University in England, who led the study. And indeed, the findings point to one possible benefit: "I would advise people, if they hurt themselves, to swear," he adds. How swearing achieves its physical effects is unclear, but the researchers speculate that brain circuitry linked to emotion is involved. Earlier studies have shown that unlike normal language, which relies on the outer few millimeters in the left hemisphere of the brain, expletives hinge on evolutionarily ancient structures buried deep inside the right half. © 1996-2009 Scientific American Inc.

Keyword: Emotions; Language
Link ID: 13042 - Posted: 06.24.2010

By CHARLES SIEBERT On the afternoon of Sept. 25, 2002, a group of marine biologists vacationing on Isla San José, in Baja California Sur, Mexico, came upon a couple of whales stranded along the beach. A quick assessment indicated that they had died quite recently. The scientists radioed a passing vessel and sent a message to a colleague at a nearby marine-mammal laboratory, who came to the beach to do an examination. They were beaked whales, of which there are 20 known species. Relatively small members of the cetacean family, they resemble outsize dolphins, and because of their deep-diving ways, they are among the least observed and understood. Curiously, the stranding on Isla San José followed by just one day the stranding of at least 14 other beaked whales 5,700 miles away along the Canary Islands beaches of Lanzarote and Fuerteventura. Rescuers there worked feverishly to water down the whales and keep them cool. They all eventually died, however, and some of their bodies were immediately sent to the nearby city Las Palmas de Gran Canaria for analysis. It is nearly impossible to pinpoint the precise cause of a whale’s stranding. Theories invariably include factors like the straying of a sick and dying whale leader, faithfully followed by the members of his pod, or sudden shallows along the shores of a migratory route. The two strandings in September 2002, however, did have something intriguing in common. It was noted by the Canary Islands rescuers that naval vessels were carrying out exercises that day not far offshore, a situation that had accompanied four other mass whale strandings on Canary Islands beaches since 1985. And while no such military exercises were being conducted off the beaches of Isla San José, the vessel that the scientists radioed turned out to be a research ship dragging an array of powerful underwater air guns that were repeatedly set off the previous morning in the course of seismic tests of the region’s ocean floor. Copyright 2009 The New York Times Company

Keyword: Hearing; Intelligence
Link ID: 13041 - Posted: 06.24.2010

Scientists have discovered a protein molecule on the surface of nerve cells that makes people cough when irritated. They hope the findings could lead to new drugs to treat chronic cough, which affects about 10% of the UK population. Coughing is the symptom for which medical advice is most commonly sought and it accounts for more than half of new patient consultations to a GP. The University of Hull study was presented to a British Pharmacological Society meeting. Lead researcher Professor Alyn Morice said: "Chronic cough can be socially isolating and disabling and people come from all over Europe to my cough clinic because the cough is ruining their lives, yet current treatment options are limited with remedies little better than honey and lemon." Research has already focused on protein receptors which sit on the surface of nerve cells, and enable them to pass on signals. One particular receptor - TRPV1 - generated excitement after it was shown to produce a cough reflex when stimulated by capsaicin, an extract of chilli peppers. A number of companies produced potential drugs to block the receptor, which helps the body to sense heat, and to register pain. However, their work was stymied by the revelation that patients in which the receptor was blocked not only had an impaired ability to detect heat, but also developed a higher body temperature. The Hull group instead focused on a different type of receptor, called TRPA1, which is more concerned with the ability to sense coldness. They showed it produced a cough reflex when it was stimulated by a cinnamon extract. They went on to clone the receptor in order to study its chemistry more closely. (C)BBC

Keyword: Pain & Touch
Link ID: 13040 - Posted: 07.11.2009

NEW YORK - Teenagers who drink heavily are also more likely than their peers to have behavioral problems or symptoms of depression and anxiety, a new study finds. The study, of nearly 9,000 Norwegian teenagers, found that those who said they had been drunk more than 10 times in their lives were more likely to have attention and conduct problems in school. Meanwhile, heavy-drinking girls showed higher rates of depression and anxiety symptoms. The findings, published in the online journal Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, are based on a one-time survey. They do not, therefore, show whether the drinking came before or after the teenagers' other problems. Story continues below ↓advertisement | your ad here "We can say that mental health problems (are) closely connected to alcohol drinking and intoxication, but we cannot from these data say anything about which comes first," explained lead researcher Dr. Arve Strandheim, of the Norwegian University of Science and Technology in Trondheim. That said, conduct and attention problems do tend to develop early in childhood, and would be less likely to arise in adolescence, Strandheim told Reuters Health. But regardless of whether drinking problems or other issues come first, the bottom line is that parents should be aware that they often go hand-in-hand, according to the researcher. Copyright 2009 Reuters.

Keyword: Depression; Drug Abuse
Link ID: 13039 - Posted: 06.24.2010

by Nic Fleming AS GENERATIONS of men with two left feet have learned to their cost, having the dance floor prowess of Mr Bean is no help in the mating game. To make matters worse for the terminally uncoordinated, it now looks as if women are right to go for men who can strut their stuff like John Travolta or Patrick Swayze - as they are more likely to be strong and to produce healthy offspring. Nadine Hugill and Bernhard Fink of the University of Göttingen in Germany found that men whose dancing was rated as attractive and assertive by women were physically stronger than those whose moves were dismissed as below par. "We already know women use static cues such as facial and bodily characteristicsMovie Camera in their assessments of men," says Fink. "This study shows that dynamic cues such as dancing ability might also be used to assess male quality in terms of strength and dominance - traits which eventually signal status." The researchers recorded video clips of 40 heterosexual male students dancing to the drum track of the Robbie Williams song Let Me Entertain You. Participants wore white overalls, and a blurring filter was used to disguise information about their clothing, as well as face and body shape. Hand grip strength was measured using a dynamometer. Twenty-five female students viewed the muted videos and rated the attractiveness of the dancers, while another 25 rated their assertiveness. Even after controlling for body weight, there were strong correlations between strength scores and both perceived attractiveness and assertiveness. © Copyright Reed Business Information Ltd

Keyword: Sexual Behavior; Evolution
Link ID: 13038 - Posted: 06.24.2010

By Emily Anthes We take it for granted that certain aspects of our social behavior—whether we chat easily with strangers at a party, for instance, or prefer to be a wallflower—are influenced by genetics. But now researchers at the University of California, San Diego, and Harvard University have shown that genes have a much broader sway, affecting the kinds of social networks people form and the positions they occupy in them. James Fowler, a political scientist at U.C.S.D., and his colleagues studied the social networks of 1,110 adolescent fraternal and identical twins. They found that three aspects of the twins’ social networks appeared to be shaped by genetics. How many times each teen was named by others as a friend and how likely each youth’s friends were to know one another were both approximately 50 percent related to genetic factors. Whether a teen was located at the center of a network or toward the edge was about 30 percent genetic. “We have innate characteristics that give us a tendency to gravitate toward one part of a network,” Fowler explains. “We vary in the tendency with which we’ll attract people as friends, and we vary in our tendency to introduce our friends to one another.” The genetic foundation uncovered in the study, he posits, is probably a broad combination of genes that are mostly linked to personality traits such as humor, generosity or extroversion. © 1996-2009 Scientific American Inc.

Keyword: Genes & Behavior
Link ID: 13037 - Posted: 06.24.2010

Tatiana Falcone, MD, Erin Carlton, MS, Kathleen Franco, MD, and Damir Janigro, PhD When the solution to a clinical or scientific puzzle eludes us for more than a century, as with schizophrenia, we need new methods to examine the pathology. If we want to make an impact on the disease we must shift research paradigms and focus on the early detection, early intervention, and new avenues of treatment that address different symptoms of schizophrenia. Immunological and blood-brain barrier (BBB) abnormalities in patients with psychosis have been repeatedly noted. Hundreds of studies of schizophrenic illness in adults have documented immunological abnormalities in these patients, and an increasing number of studies have shown a link between S100b, a marker of BBB function, and schizophrenic illness (Table).1-3 In looking at the possible causes of schizophrenia, earlier studies focused on neurons. Increasing evidence now suggests that the glia, cerebral vasculature, and the BBB may be involved. Two postmortem studies reported activated glial cells in a subgroup of patients with schizophrenia.4,5 Using the marker PK11195 to label glial cells in patients with psychosis, Hirsch6 found activation throughout the cortex using positron emission tomographic accentuation in the frontal lobes. Here we present evidence linking inflammation, immunological abnormalities, BBB disruption, and neurological disorders. The BBB is a physical and metabolic barrier that regulates and protects the brain. This barrier is composed of tight junctions between endothelial cells in CNS vessels that restrict the passage of solutes. Several lines of evidence have pointed to a link between CNS problems—such as psychiatric disorders and inflammation—that occur in response to pathogens. Impairment of the BBB may be the consequence of immunopathogenic mechanisms.7 © 1996 - 2009 CMPMedica LLC

Keyword: Schizophrenia; Neuroimmunology
Link ID: 13036 - Posted: 06.24.2010