Humans are not the only species to prefer to use their right hand -- chimpanzees also share the trait, according to a new study by Spanish scientists. The researchers reached their findings, published in the latest edition of the American Journal of Primatology, after observing 114 chimpanzees from two primate rescue centers, one in Spain and the other in Zambia. The primates were provided with food hidden inside tubes and the scientists monitored them to see which hand they used to get at it, either their fingers or with the help of tools. "The chimpanzees showed a preferential use of the right hand to get the food from the tube," the Catalan Institute of Human Palaeoecology and Social Evolution, which coordinated the study, said in a statement. "This feature had traditionally been considered exclusively human and had been believed to be caused by asymmetries observed in the human brain that are related to the realization of complicated activities that require the use and coordination of both hands." The study also found that female chimpanzees, like their human counterparts, are more likely to be right-handed than males. The researchers said this suggests "that just like in our species, there are shared biological factors, genetic and hormonal, that modulate the functioning of our brain." © 2010 Discovery Communications, LLC

Keyword: Laterality
Link ID: 14604 - Posted: 10.30.2010

Melissa Dahl writes: You know that saying "the left hand doesn't know what the right is doing"? For people with a strange disorder called alien hand syndrome, that's literally true -- the neuropsychiatric condition makes them feel as if one of their hands has taken on a mind of its own. "An alien hand is an arm and hand that moves when the person to whom that arm belongs does not intend it to move," says Dr. Ken Heilman, a neurologist at the University of Florida College of Medicine in Gainesville, Fla. Heilman goes on to note that there are many neurological conditions that cause an arm to move unintentionally -- like seizures or tremors, and movement disorders such as chorea, dystonia and athetosis. Here's the difference: In each of those cases, if the arm moves, it's pretty much just flailing about purposelessly, "but with an alien hand, the movement appears to be purposeful." Creepy. Heilman recalls one patient whose hands actually fought over fashion: Her right hand took a pair of red shoes out of the closet. Her left hand -- the "alien" hand -- pulled the red shoes out of her right hand, put them back and picked up a pair of blue shoes. When the right hand went again for the red shoes, the left hand slammed the closet door on the right hand. A German neurologist and psychiatrist named Kurt Goldstein was the first to report a case of alien hand syndrome in 1908. His patient's left hand seemed to do whatever it pleased, including, at least once, an attempt to throttle its owner. It's most commonly the result of an injury to an area of the brain called the corpus callosum. © 2010 msnbc.com

Keyword: Laterality; Attention
Link ID: 14603 - Posted: 10.30.2010

By Pallab Ghosh A US researcher has said he plans to electronically record and interpret dreams. Writing in the journal Nature, researchers said they have developed a system capable of recording higher-level brain activity. "We would like to read people's dreams," says the lead scientist Dr Moran Cerf. The aim is not to interlope, but to extend our understanding of how and why people dream. For centuries, people have been fascinated by dreams and what they might mean; in ancient Egypt for example, they were thought to be messages from the gods. More recently, dream analysis has been used by psychologists as a tool to understand the unconscious mind. But the only way to interpret dreams was to ask people about the subject of their dreams after they had woken up. The eventual aim of Dr Cerf's project is to develop a system that would enable psychologists to corroborate people's recollections of their dream with an electronic visualisation of their brain activity. "There's no clear answer as to why humans dream," according to Dr Cerf. "And one of the questions we would like to answer is when do we actually create this dream?" BBC © MMX

Keyword: Sleep; Brain imaging
Link ID: 14602 - Posted: 10.28.2010

by Liz Day A recent study used functional magnetic resonance imaging to see how love affects the brain. Its calculations of love has attracted plenty of attention. For example, the time taken to "fall in love" clocks in at about one-fifth of a second, not the six months of romantic dinners and sharing secrets some might expect. Also, 12 areas of the brain work together during the love process, releasing euphoria-inducing chemicals like dopamine, oxytocin, adrenaline and vasopressin. Love's high is similar to cocaine's rush. Love influences sophisticated intellectual processes of the brain too. When a person feels in love, their mental representation, metaphors and even body image are also affected. Researchers from Syracuse University, West Virginia University and the Geneva University Psychiatric Center retrospectively reviewed pertinent neuroimaging literature. They published their findings in a recent issue of the Journal of Sexual Medicine. Overall, they found, love is really good for you. Couples who had just fallen in love had significantly higher levels of nerve growth factor, or NGF. NGF is crucial to the survival of sympathetic and sensory neurons. Some believe NGF can reduce neural degeneration. Not a bad side effect. © 2010 Discovery Communications, LLC

Keyword: Sexual Behavior; Attention
Link ID: 14601 - Posted: 10.28.2010

by Catherine de Lange It's a familiar feeling. After a large meal you feel full, but a glimpse of a slice of gooey, rich chocolate cake is enough to get you salivating again. Could it be possible to prevent our brains from responding so strongly to the sight of tantalising treats? The answer is yes, according to new research which suggests that some anti-obesity drugs work by dulling this brain response to the sight of appetising, high-calorie food. Paul Fletcher from the University of Cambridge and colleagues wanted to understand how drugs that help people lose weight affect the brain. To find out, they gave 24 obese people either the anti-obesity drug Sibutramine or a placebo for two weeks and then scanned their brains while showing them pictures of high- or low-calorie foods, such as chocolate cake or broccoli. Not only did volunteers taking the drug eat less and lose weight during the two weeks of the study, their hypothalamus and amygdala – areas of the brain involved in reward – also responded more weakly to the sight of high-calorie foods than those given the placebo. "This is the first evidence that an anti-obesity drug changes brain function," says Ed Bullmore, who is also at the University of Cambridge and also worked on the study. More importantly, says Bullmore, it shows how these brain changes are correlated with a change in eating behaviour, and ultimately weight loss. © Copyright Reed Business Information Ltd.

Keyword: Obesity; Drug Abuse
Link ID: 14600 - Posted: 10.28.2010

by Adrian M Owen You might think it's obvious that one person is smarter than another. But there are few more controversial areas of science than the study of intelligence and, in reality, there's not even agreement among researchers about what this word actually means. Unlike weight and height, which are unambiguous, there is no absolute measure of intelligence, just as there are no absolute measures of honesty or physical fitness. Nonetheless, over the decades, legions of scientists have devised tests that can show that one person is smarter than another just as surely as Olympic events can shed light on how much you can lift or how far you can jump. Now my team at the UK Medical Research Council's Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit in Cambridge has come up with the ultimate test of intelligence. Like many researchers before us, we began by looking for the smallest number of tests that could cover the broadest range of cognitive skills that are believed to contribute to intelligence, from memory to planning. But we went one step further. Thanks to recent work with brain scanners, we could make sure that the tests involved as much of the brain as possible – from the outer layers, responsible for higher thought, to deeper-lying structures such as the hippocampus, which is involved in memory. Here's a longer explanation of the theory and evidence that we used when devising the tests. © Copyright Reed Business Information Ltd.

Keyword: Intelligence; Attention
Link ID: 14599 - Posted: 10.28.2010

by Michael Marshall In 1958, Disney released a documentary called White Wilderness, which showed the wildlife of the Arctic on the cinema screen. David Attenborough it ain't. The film is now notorious for containing faked footage of something that simply doesn't happen: lemmings committing suicide en masse. Realising that the Arctic rodents did not collectively top themselves, the film-makers resorted to trickery. After producing footage of the lemmings migrating by placing them on a snow-covered turntable, they shipped some of them to a cliff overlooking a river and herded them over the edge. The resulting footage (available on YouTube and still shocking today) shows hordes of lemmings plummeting off a cliff, with the culpable humans studiously out of frame. It helped cement the myth of lemming mass suicide in popular culture. Yet had the film-makers looked a little closer, they would have found that lemmings really are bizarre creatures. Finally, the true nature of lemming behaviour is being revealed. Lemmings are small rodents, related to hamsters, gerbils and mice. There are over 20 species, all found in the far north, including Canada, Scandinavia and Russia. Unlike many Arctic animals, lemmings do not hibernate through the winter. Instead, they forage along runs and tunnels dug beneath the snow layer. This allows them to carry on breeding even as temperatures drop to -20 °C, driving the population up. In most species the population grows for three years, then crashes to near-extinction in the fourth. © Copyright Reed Business Information Ltd.

Keyword: Stress; Sexual Behavior
Link ID: 14598 - Posted: 10.28.2010

By The Editors Nearly 20 years ago a small study advanced the notion that listening to Mozart’s Sonata for Two Pianos in D Major could boost mental functioning. It was not long before trademarked “Mozart effect” products appealed to neurotic parents aiming to put toddlers on the fast track to the Ivy League. Georgia’s governor even proposed giving every newborn there a classical CD or cassette. The evidence for Mozart therapy turned out to be flimsy, perhaps nonexistent, although the original study never claimed anything more than a temporary and limited effect. In recent years, however, neuroscientists have examined the benefits of a concerted effort to study and practice music, as opposed to playing a Mozart CD or a computer-based “brain fitness” game once in a while. Advanced monitoring techniques have enabled scientists to see what happens inside your head when you listen to your mother and actually practice the violin for an hour every afternoon. And they have found that music lessons can produce profound and lasting changes that enhance the general ability to learn. These results should disabuse public officials of the idea that music classes are a mere frill, ripe for discarding in the budget crises that constantly beset public schools. Studies have shown that assiduous instrument training from an early age can help the brain to process sounds better, making it easier to stay focused when absorbing other subjects, from literature to tensor calculus. The musically adept are better able to concentrate on a biology lesson despite the racket in the classroom or, a few years later, to finish a call with a client when a colleague in the next cubicle starts screaming at an underling. They can attend to several things at once in the mental scratch pad called working memory, an essential skill in this era of multitasking. © 2010 Scientific American

Keyword: Hearing; Attention
Link ID: 14597 - Posted: 10.28.2010

By Colm O'Dushlaine The psychologist Rollo May once described depression as “the inability to construct a future”. According to the National Institute for Mental Health this “inability” can affect up to 14.8 million Americans – 7% of the population – in a given year, at an annual cost of $100 billion. That’s about five times the renewable energy budget of the United States. We hear many things about how great we’re getting at saving the planet with our hybrids and off-shore wind farms; we hear far less about how we’re doing in combating or preventing depression. This month, however, has brought some potentially exciting news: two genetic studies with major ramifications for the treatment and diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder. As a psychiatric geneticist, it is rare that I see such clear insights into distinct genetic mechanisms of psychiatric illnesses. Research into bipolar disorder and schizophrenia –- the disorders I spend most of my time working on –- would benefit a great deal from breakthrough studies such as these. One new study, published in Nature Medicine, suggests that a pathway called MAPK – and one gene in particular from this pathway, MPK-1 – are significantly dysregulated in certain areas of the brains of individuals with major depression. These results were obtained by looking for significant gene expression changes in post-mortem brains from 21 individuals with Major Depressive Disorder compared to 18 matched controls. The researchers, led by Yale’s Vanja Duric, confirmed their results in rat and mouse models. And they showed that not only did raising MPK-1 levels lead to depressive symptoms, but that antidepressant treatment reduced the expression of MPK-1. © 2010 Scientific American, a Division of Nature America, Inc.

Keyword: Depression; Genes & Behavior
Link ID: 14596 - Posted: 10.28.2010

by Carl Zimmer In some of the world’s oldest medical texts­­—papyrus scrolls from ancient Egypt, clay tablets from Assyria—people complain about noise in their ears. Some of them call it a buzzing. Others describe it as whispering or even singing. Today we call such conditions tinnitus. In the distant past, doctors offered all sorts of strange cures for it. The Assyrians poured rose extract into the ear through a bronze tube. The Roman writer Pliny the Elder suggested that earthworms boiled in goose grease be put in the ear. Medieval Welsh physicians in the town of Myddfai recommended that their patients take a freshly baked loaf of bread ($) out of the oven, cut it in two, “and apply to both ears as hot as can be borne, bind and thus produce perspiration, and by the help of god you will be cured.” Early physicians based these prescriptions on what they believed tinnitus to be. Some were convinced it was caused by wind that got trapped inside the ear and swirled around endlessly, so they tried to liberate the wind by drilling a hole into the bones around the ear or using a silver tube to suck air out of the ear canal. The treatments didn’t work, but they did have an internal logic. Today tinnitus continues to resist medicine’s best efforts, despite being one of the more common medical disorders. Surveys show that between 5 and 15 percent of people say they have heard some kind of phantom noise for six months or more; some 1 to 3 percent say tinnitus lowers their quality of life. Tinnitus can force people to withdraw from their social life, make them depressed, and give them insomnia. © 2010, Kalmbach Publishing Co.

Keyword: Hearing
Link ID: 14595 - Posted: 10.28.2010

By Laura Sanders Using nothing but thoughts, people can coax a brain cell that likes Marilyn Monroe to overpower a Josh Brolin–favoring cell in a dominance battle that brings her image up on a computer screen, a study appearing October 28 in Nature shows. The paper expands on data presented last year at the Society for Neuroscience’s annual meeting in Chicago (SN: 11/21/09, p. 9) and shows how the brain makes choices about what to pay attention to in a sensory-rich world. Study coauthor Moran Cerf and his colleagues eavesdropped on single neurons with electrodes that had already been implanted for medical reasons in the brains of people with epilepsy. These cells fired when the person saw particular people, places or things, such as the Eiffel tower, Bill Clinton or bananas. The team set up neuron contests by linking cell recordings to a computer that flashed images on a screen. In one trial, a Monroe neuron and a Brolin neuron went head to head as a person saw a hybrid mashup of the two stars’ pictures. Each time the Monroe neuron fired, her image would get brighter, and when the Brolin neuron fired, his image would get brighter. Researchers told the participant which person was the target, and watched as the neurons duked it out. In most trials, subjects quickly became experts at causing neurons to fire with their thoughts alone, even when faced with a “distractor” image, says Cerf, who conducted the research while at Caltech but is now at New York University. © Society for Science & the Public 2000 - 2010

Keyword: Attention
Link ID: 14594 - Posted: 10.28.2010

Scans appear to show differences in brain functioning in women with persistently low sex drives, claim researchers. The US scientists behind the study suggest it provides solid evidence that the problem can have a physical origin. They measured brain activity as the women watched erotic videos. But a spokesman for the charity Relate said the study simply demonstrated low libido at work in the brain, rather than exposing its cause. In recent years, a diagnosis of "hypoactive sexual desire disorder" (HSDD) in women has become more accepted by science. However, there remains controversy about whether the term can or should be used to describe a lack of sexual desire, which may be caused by a variety of psychological, emotional and physical factors. The latest study, carried out at Wayne State University in Detroit and presented to the American Society for Reproductive Medicine conference in Denver, highlights differences in mental processing in women who have low sex drives. Its author, Dr Michael Diamond, said it suggested that HSDD was a genuine physical problem. BBC © MMX

Keyword: Sexual Behavior
Link ID: 14593 - Posted: 10.26.2010

By Steve Connor, Science Editor People who are able to sleep for just a few hours each night without nodding off at their desks the following day owe their apparently superhuman ability to stay awake to variations in their genes, a study has suggested. Winston Churchill, Margaret Thatcher and Bill Clinton were all famous for managing on just five or six hours' sleep a night, rather than the customary eight. Napoleon Bonaparte, Michelangelo and Florence Nightingale apparently got by on four hours, as does Madonna and the American chat-show host Jay Leno. Sleep researchers have known that different people have different sleep patterns, with some individuals – known as "owls" – being more active and alert in the evenings, while others – known as "larks" – are early risers. It is also known that as people get older they tend to develop more disturbed sleep patterns. Studies suggest that older people need as much sleep as younger people, but sleep in bouts rather than as a single, long snooze. Trying to understand why people vary in the amount of sleep they need led to a study of 37 healthy adults who carry a variant in their DNA that has already been linked with sleep disturbances. The study compared them against 92 equally healthy people who did not carry the genetic variant, known as DQB1*0602. All took part in tests in a sleep laboratory at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine in Philadelphia. For the first two nights they spent 10 hours in bed and were fully rested. For the next five nights they were subjected to chronic partial sleep deprivation where they were only allowed to sleep for four hours a night. The rest of the time they were kept awake with the lights on. ©independent.co.uk

Keyword: Sleep; Genes & Behavior
Link ID: 14592 - Posted: 10.26.2010

People who smoke heavily in middle age seem to more than double their risk of Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia late in life, research suggests. Smoking is a well-established risk factor for stroke, but the link between smoking and risk of Alzheimer's and other types of dementia has been less clear since heavy smokers often die from other ailments before smoking's toll on the brain is evident. To find out more, Dr. Minna Rusanen of the University of Eastern Finland in Kuopio and colleagues analyzed data from 21,123 people in California who participated in a survey between 1978 and 1985. When the study began, the participants were between 50 and 60 years old, and they were tracked for an average of 23 years of followup. During that time, 5,367 participants or 25 per cent were diagnosed with dementia, including 1,136 with Alzheimer's disease and 416 with vascular dementia, the researchers found. Compared with non-smokers, those smoking more than two packs a day had 2.14 times higher risk of dementia 2.57 times higher risk of Alzheimer's, and 2.57 times higher risk of vascular dementia — another common and sometimes overlapping cause of progressive deterioration of memory and thinking. "This study shows that the brain is not immune to the long-term consequences of heavy smoking," said the study's principal investigator, Rachel Whitmer, a research scientist with the Kaiser Permanente Division of Research in Oakland, Calif. © CBC 2010

Keyword: Alzheimers; Drug Abuse
Link ID: 14591 - Posted: 10.26.2010

By Sandra G. Boodman Right away, Lori White knew that something was very wrong. The 44-year-old legal assistant at a Northern Virginia law firm had been working out with a personal trainer at her gym, executing a demanding and unfamiliar move. As she pulled down on a bar equipped with weights while simultaneously lunging forward, she felt an explosive pop in her head, immediately followed by a headache more crushing than any she had previously experienced. For the next 10 minutes, White recalled, she sat on the floor, clutching her head and fearing she would throw up or pass out. To her relief, the pain receded within a few hours. "I figured I'd just strained something," she recalled. But within weeks of the 2005 episode, an alarming new problem surfaced: stabbing pains lasting five to 30 seconds in the front of her head, similar to the "brain freeze" that people sometimes experience while eating ice cream. It took White three years to discover what had happened that day in the gym and two more to sort out what should be done about it - a confusing and sometimes contradictory process that involved specialists in the Washington area as well as Baltimore and Charlottesville. Two weeks ago at Georgetown University Hospital, White underwent treatment that doctors hope will cure her problem. © 2010 The Washington Post Company

Keyword: Pain & Touch
Link ID: 14588 - Posted: 10.26.2010

Movement in our field of vision can drastically affect the way our brain perceives the world around us. To explain these phenomena, visual researchers have come up with some mind-bending new motion perception illusions. Here, New Scientist brings you our pick of the best. © Copyright Reed Business Information Ltd.

Keyword: Vision
Link ID: 14587 - Posted: 10.26.2010

By Rachel Ehrenberg Inhaling a blast of bitter fumes sends a breathe-easy message to the lungs, a new study shows. Stimulating bitterness receptors in the lungs relaxes and opens the airways, a counterintuitive finding that could lead to new asthma medications, scientists report online October 24 in Nature Medicine. Bitter-taste receptors just like the ones on the tongue abound on the smooth muscle tissue that wraps around the airway tubes leading to the lungs, reports a team from the University of Maryland and Johns Hopkins in Baltimore. In mice bred to have asthma, inhaled bitter compounds such as quinine did a better job of relaxing airways than did the standard asthma drug albuterol. These bitter-taste receptors in lung muscles should be good targets for new asthma medications that are based on the multitude of molecules known to stimulate bitter receptors, says Mathur Kannan, a pharmacologist in the College of Veterinary Medicine at the University of Minnesota in St. Paul. The relaxation response to bitter-flavored air remains somewhat puzzling. In the mouth, bitter receptors are part of the body’s first line of defense against possibly poisonous compounds. Cells lining the upper part of the respiratory tract also have bitter-taste receptors, scientists reported earlier this year. But there, they can trigger an “out, out” reaction, stimulating the featherlike cilia of the airways to push whatever’s nearby up and away. So it seemed more logical that muscles controlling air flow to lungs would constrict when stimulated by potential toxins, says Stephen Liggett of the University of the Maryland School of Medicine in Baltimore, who led the new work. © Society for Science & the Public 2000 - 2010

Keyword: Chemical Senses (Smell & Taste)
Link ID: 14586 - Posted: 10.26.2010

Roger Dobson At school they are more popular, have more friends and are less likely to be bullied. And as adults, they have more sexual partners, and are more likely to be married, have a good job, and earn a higher salary – around 10 per cent more than plain Joes and Janes. They are also perceived to be healthier, smarter, and more trustworthy, and if they go into politics they are more likely to be elected. But why are some people seen as attractive and others not? And why have we evolved to find some features attractive and others not? According to new research, it may all be down to oxidative stress and antioxidants. Psychologists have discovered that men who were rated as the most physically attractive by women have the lowest levels of markers of oxidative stress. "These findings have several important implications," says psychologist Dr Steven Gangestad who led the study. "They fit in with the idea that women evolved to find particular features attractive because those features are related to low levels of oxidative stress." Attractiveness has long been a source of fascination for psychologists, anthropologists, behavioural scientists – and singletons. Some have investigated the many life advantages that come with attractiveness, while others have looked at whether or not it is a learned criterion. One school of thought has it that attraction to specific features is not learned, but has evolved over time as a way of distinguishing the virile from the weak. This evolutionary theory is backed up by much research, including studies showing that newborn babies have a preference for attractive faces. It's suggested that physical attractiveness may serve as a biological signal of good health. In ancestral time, being able to spot an attractive, and therefore fit, partner would have carried a huge survival advantage. ©independent.co.uk

Keyword: Sexual Behavior; Evolution
Link ID: 14585 - Posted: 10.26.2010

By Floyd Skloot Oliver Sacks published his first book, “Migraine,’’ 40 years ago. A provocative mixture of scholarship, personal experience, and case studies, it approached the malady as experience rather than illness, viewing the patient in full human dimension and not simply a collection of symptoms, signs, and test results. The book showed Sacks’s gifts, even at the start of his career, for accurate description and fresh prose, such as his characterization of migraine’s hallucinatory aura as a “dance of brilliant stars, sparks, flashes.’’ Over his long career as a neurologist and writer, Sacks has addressed a range of subjects: “Awakenings’’ (1973) dealt with patients immobilized and silenced by sleeping sickness who were briefly returned to active function by the administration of a drug that failed to sustain its benefits; “Seeing Voices’’ (1989) was a journey into the world of the deaf; “Musicophilia’’ (2007) concerned the human passion for music. In all his work, Sacks has been fascinated by how the brain’s failures of function, its neuro-strangenesses, reveal essential truths about what makes us human. His books are populated by people — those with autism or Tourette syndrome or aphasia — whose experiences with and adaptations to neurological problems encourage us to think about our own perceptions of the world. From those earliest studies of migraine through his accounts of misperception in “The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat’’ (1985) and congenital colorblindness in “The Island of the Colorblind’’ (1997), Sacks has returned to the subject of sight and the neurology of visual perception. Now in “The Mind’s Eye,’’ his 11th book, Sacks takes on the subject fully, offering seven essays about vision and what it is like when the sense of sight is radically changed or lost because of neurological damage. His exploration of this subject is deepened by personal experience, as Sacks’s own visual health becomes compromised. © 2010 NY Times Co.

Keyword: Vision
Link ID: 14584 - Posted: 10.26.2010

by Jessica Hamzelou Neurologists have found that the brain plaques associated with Alzheimer's can form when the proteins responsible are injected into the bellies of mice, suggesting that the guilty proteins can get from the body's periphery to wreak havoc in the brain. A protein called beta-amyloid makes up the brain plaques that accompany the disease. In 2006, Lary Walker at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, Mathias Jucker at the University of Tübingen in Germany and colleagues found that they could trigger Alzheimer's-like plaques by injecting samples of plaque-ridden brains into the brains of healthy mice. Now, Jucker and his colleagues at Tübingen have managed to create the same brain plaques by injecting the tissue elsewhere in the bodies of mice. The group used mice genetically modified to produce large amounts of beta-amyloid, meaning they develop brain plaques similar to those seen in Alzheimer's disease in people. When the mice were around 2 years old, the team removed some of their beta-amyloid-laden brain tissue and injected it into the peritoneum – the lining of the abdomen – of young transgenic mice. Another group of transgenic mice received an injection of healthy brain tissue from normal mice of the same age that had not developed plaques. Seven months later, before the mice had had a chance to develop plaques of their own accord, the team looked at the their brains. The mice injected with healthy brain tissue had normal-looking brains, but those injected with beta-amyloid-heavy tissue had developed full-blown plaques similar to those seen in people with Alzheimer's. © Copyright Reed Business Information Ltd.

Keyword: Alzheimers
Link ID: 14583 - Posted: 10.23.2010