Erika Check Hayden Two years ago, 13-year-old Alexis Beery developed a cough and a breathing problem so severe that her parents placed a baby monitor in her room just to make sure she would survive the night. Alexis would often cough so hard and so long that she would throw up, and had to take daily injections of adrenaline just to keep breathing. Yet doctors weren't sure what was wrong. In a paper published today in Science Translational Medicine1, researchers led by Richard Gibbs, head of the Baylor College of Medicine Human Genome Sequencing Center in Houston, Texas, describe how they sequenced the genomes of Alexis and her twin brother, Noah, to diagnose the cause of her cough — a discovery that led to a treatment. Today, Alexis is playing soccer and running, and her breathing problem has gone, says Alexis's mother, Retta. "We honestly didn't know if Alexis was going to make it through this," Retta Beery says. "Sequencing has brought her life back." At age 5, the Beery twins had already been diagnosed with a genetic disorder called dopa-responsive dystonia, which causes abnormal movements, and had been taking a medication that was apparently successfully treating the condition. When Alexis developed a worsening cough and breathing problem, the twins' neurologists did not think it was related to her dystonia. © 2011 Nature Publishing Group,

Keyword: Genes & Behavior; Movement Disorders
Link ID: 15433 - Posted: 06.16.2011

Jeremy Laurance "Sexual orientation is not a matter of choice, it is primarily neurobiological at birth." So said Jerome Goldstein, director of the San Francisco Clinical Research Centre, addressing 3,000 neurologists from around the world at the 21st meeting of the European Neurological Society (ENS) in Lisbon last month. In doing so he was attempting to settle a debate that has raged for decades: are gays born or made? It is a puzzle because homosexuality poses a biological conundrum. There is no obvious evolutionary advantage to same-sex relationships. So why are some people attracted to others of the same sex? Sexual attraction provides the drive to reproduction – sex is a means to an end not, in Darwinian terms, an end in itself. From an evolutionary perspective, same-sex relationships should be selected out. Despite this, they are common in the animal kingdom. Birds do it, bees probably do it and fleas may do it, too. Among the many examples are penguins, who have been known to form lifelong same-sex bonds, dolphins and bonobos, which are fully bisexual apes. Various explanations have been advanced for the evolutionary advantage that such relationships might confer. For example, female Laysan albatrosses form same-sex pairs, which are more successful at rearing chicks than single females. Homosexuality may also help social bonding or ease conflict among males where there is a shortage of females. Gay couples will not preserve their own genes but they may help preserve those of the group to which they belong. ©independent.co.uk

Keyword: Sexual Behavior
Link ID: 15432 - Posted: 06.14.2011

by Caroline Williams Octopuses' astonishing mental skills might help us unearth the roots of intelligence – but first we need to understand what makes them so smart BETTY the octopus is curled up in her den, eyes half-closed and clutching a piece of red Lego like a child with a teddy bear. She is, says Kerry Perkins, cephalopod researcher at the Sea Life aquarium in Brighton, UK, much better behaved than some of the octopuses she has worked with. One used to short-circuit a light in its tank by squirting water at it, and would do so whenever the bulb was left on at night. Another made a bid for freedom via the aquarium drainage system, which it seemed to know headed straight out to sea. "Any octopus tank worth its salt has a way of stopping the octopus from escaping," Perkins says as she adds two weights to the lid of Betty's tank. "They love to explore." Aristotle once took this kind of curiosity as a sign that octopuses are stupid - after all, he pointed out, just waving your hands in their direction brings them close enough to catch. We now know that it is just one example of how smart they are. Between them, cephalopods, which also include squids, cuttlefish and nautiluses, can navigate a maze, use tools, mimic other species, learn from each other and solve complex problems. If the latest analyses are to be believed, these skills might show a rudimentary form of consciousness. Cephalopods are the only invertebrates that can boast anything like this kind of mental prowess, and some of their more impressive tricks are shared with only the cleverest vertebrates, such as chimps, dolphins and crows. Yet they evolved along a completely separate path, from snail-like ancestors, and their brains look completely alien to our own (see "A brain apart"). © Copyright Reed Business Information Ltd.

Keyword: Evolution; Intelligence
Link ID: 15431 - Posted: 06.14.2011

By Tina Hesman Saey Bad news for fans of the X-Men: It may take longer to create a new class of mutant superhumans than previous estimates suggested. The first direct measurements of human mutation rates reveal that the speed at which successive generations accumulate single-letter genetic changes is much slower than previously thought. The study, published online June 12 in Nature Genetics, also shows that some individuals mutate faster than others. That means it may be fairly common for people to inherit a disproportionate share of mutations from one parent. Researchers from an international collaboration known as the 1000 Genomes Project deciphered the genetic blueprints of six people from two families — a mother, father and child from each — and counted up the mutations inherited by each child. From there, the team calculated the human mutation rate. “We all mutate,” says study coauthor Philip Awadalla, a population geneticist at the University of Montreal. “And the mutation rate can be extraordinarily variable from individual to individual.” Combined with the results of three similar recent studies, the rate indicates that, on average, about one DNA chemical letter in every 85 million gets mutated per generation through copying mistakes made during sperm and egg production. The new rate means each child inherits somewhere in the neighborhood of 30 to 50 new mutations. © Society for Science & the Public 2000 - 2011

Keyword: Evolution; Genes & Behavior
Link ID: 15430 - Posted: 06.14.2011

Daniel Cressey Many people affected by mental illness are facing a bleak future as drug companies abandon research into the area and other funding providers fail to take up the slack, according to a new report. Produced for the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology (ECNP), the report warns that "research in new treatments for brain disorders is under threat". With current treatments inadequate for many patients, it says, "withdrawal of research resources is a withdrawal of hope for patients and their families"1. A number of formerly big players in neuroscience have all but abandoned the area recently as the pharmaceutical industry has undergone massive restructuring. AstraZeneca and GlaxoSmithKline have both cut research funding and closed down entire teams dedicated to developing drugs for psychiatric disorders. Although some of the problems faced by the field also apply to other sections of the pharmaceutical industry, many are specific to researchers trying to hit targets in the brain. David Nutt and Guy Goodwin, who authored the report following a recent ECNP meeting on the topic, note that it can take much longer to develop medicines for psychiatric disorders than for better-understood conditions such as cancer, and that potential drugs for psychiatric conditions have higher failure rates. These failures sometimes become apparent only late in the development process, making neuroscience an expensive and risky prospect for industry. © 2011 Nature Publishing Group,

Keyword: Depression; Schizophrenia
Link ID: 15429 - Posted: 06.14.2011

By Jennifer Viegas If dad was a playboy, there's a good chance that his sons and daughters will also be promiscuous, suggests a new study that identified a genetic link to such behavior. Moral objections aside, promiscuity can benefit a species because it often results in more progeny with greater genetic diversity. There are clear risks, such as having a higher chance of acquiring a sexually transmitted disease, but the genetic predisposition to play the field appears to be locked into the DNA of socially monogamous species, including humans. "Other research has concluded that sons of promiscuous fathers are two times more likely to cheat than others," lead author Wolfgang Forstmeier told Discovery News, adding that daughters of such fathers and mothers would also be more likely to cheat. Forstmeier, a researcher in the Department of Behavioural Ecology and Evolutionary Genetics at the Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, and his colleagues wondered about the genetic connection after conducting studies, such as behavioral surveys, on humans. For this paper, published in the latest Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, they decided to investigate the phenomenon among zebra finches, which are also socially monogamous. "That means a male and a female will hang out together as a couple; they will build nests together and share other forms of bonding," Forstmeier said. "They may also, however, engage in extra-pair mating behavior." © 2011 Discovery Communications, LLC.

Keyword: Sexual Behavior; Genes & Behavior
Link ID: 15428 - Posted: 06.14.2011

Analysis by Marianne English Could treating insomnia be as simple as putting on a cap to slow down the brain's metabolism during sleep? One experiment (see abstract 0534 of Nofzinger and Buysse study), presented at the Meeting of the Associated Professional Sleep Societies, supports the idea, suggesting a special plastic cap might be the answer. Participants who received the treatment developed sleeping patterns more akin to individuals without insomnia. But the idea isn't new. In fact, the same team developed the technology three years ago with promising results. But new research determined which doses work best at specific times before and during sleep. The method, called frontal cerebral transfer therapy, was developed after researchers learned that people with insomnia have higher brain metabolism than their well-rested counterparts. In other words, the prefrontal cortex in people with insomnia is hyperactive and keeps them up when the rest of the body slows down before sleep and during non-REM sleep. Cooling the brain lowers metabolism in this area, thus reducing insomnia among most participants. In the latest experiment, the sleep researchers recruited 12 women to receive treatment with the caps. The participants had primary insomnia, meaning their disorders were not caused by mental or physical problems (unlike two-thirds of people with forms of the disorder). © 2011 Discovery Communications, LLC.

Keyword: Sleep
Link ID: 15427 - Posted: 06.14.2011

By JANE E. BRODY Dr. Karen Jaffe, an obstetrician-gynecologist in Cleveland, was only 48 when she learned she had Parkinson’s disease. Four years later, she continues to maintain a full-time medical and surgical practice, even performing ritual circumcisions. “I’m doing everything I can to stay healthy,” she told me in an interview. “My medications and exercises control my tremor, so doing surgery is not a problem.” For patients with Parkinson’s disease, like Dr. Jaffe, there still is no cure. But researchers have begun to make progress in identifying causes of the disease, and a new study promises to help identify better treatments. Until then, many patients are getting by on grit and determination. In speaking recently with several of them, two common threads emerged: an initial unwillingness to believe or reveal the diagnosis, followed by acceptance and a determination to pursue whatever it takes to remain as healthy and functional as possible. In addition to taking medication designed to replace the brain chemical, dopamine, that is diminished in this neurological disease, each person I spoke with is dedicated to regular, often vigorous physical activity that can minimize the disabilities caused by Parkinson’s. One, David Wolf, 51, of Buffalo, has even taken up fencing, saying (in jest, I hope), “There’s nothing like running someone through with a sword to make your day.” Another, Rena Bulkin, 68, of Manhattan, goes to a gym several times a week to do aerobics, stretching and range-of-motion and balance exercises. “If I don’t work out, my symptoms are much worse,” she said. © 2011 The New York Times Company

Keyword: Parkinsons
Link ID: 15426 - Posted: 06.14.2011

By RONI CARYN RABIN Scientists have identified an unexpected factor that may play a significant role in the development of autism: prenatal vitamins. A new study reports that mothers of children with autism and autism spectrum disorders were significantly less likely than mothers of children without autism to have taken prenatal vitamins three months before conception and in the first month of pregnancy. The finding, published in the July issue of the journal Epidemiology, suggests that taking vitamins in this period may help prevent these disorders, reducing the risk by some 40 percent. Researchers recruited children through a California project, the Childhood Autism Risks From Genetics and Environment Study, or Charge, enrolling 288 children with autism and 144 with autism spectrum disorders, and compared them with 278 children who were developing normally. Blood was drawn for genomic analysis, and mothers were asked about their consumption of vitamins before and during pregnancy. In mothers and children with gene variants that affect folate metabolism, not taking prenatal vitamins before conception was associated with an up to sevenfold increase in the risk of autism, the researchers found. Prenatal vitamins are rich in folate. “Taking prenatal vitamin supplements even before conception is a concrete step concerned parents can take,” said Dr. Irva Hertz-Picciotto, the study’s senior author and principal investigator of the Charge study. © 2011 The New York Times Company

Keyword: Autism; Development of the Brain
Link ID: 15425 - Posted: 06.14.2011

By Jennifer Carpenter Science reporter, BBC News For the first time researchers have monitored the brain as it slips into unconsciousness. The new imaging method detects the waxing and waning of electrical activity in the brain moments after an anaesthetic injection is administered. As the patient goes under, different parts of the brain seem to be "talking" to each other, a team told the European Anaesthesiology Congress in Amsterdam. But they caution that more work is needed to understand what is going on. The technique could ultimately help doctors pinpoint damage in the brains of people suffering from stroke and head injury. "Our jaws just hit the ground," said anaesthesiologist Professor Brian Pollard from Manchester Royal Infirmary on seeing the images for the first time. "I can't tell you the words we used as it wouldn't be polite over the phone." Although regions of the brain seem to be communicating as "consciousness fades", Professor Pollard cautions that it is early days and that he and his team from the University of Manchester still have many brain scans to analyse before they can say anything conclusive about what is happening. BBC © 2011

Keyword: Attention; Sleep
Link ID: 15424 - Posted: 06.14.2011

by Ferris Jabr Zebra finches form monogamous lifetime partnerships, but both males and females indulge in extramarital sex. The benefit for the males is clear: the chance to sire more offspring than fidelity would permit. But why would females cheat when that means risking losing their lifetime partners and catching diseases? A new study suggests females are promiscuous simply because they inherit many of the same genes responsible for promiscuous behaviour in males. Wolfgang Forstmeier of the Max Planck Institute for Ornithology in Seewiesen, Germany, and colleagues studied a captive population of more than 1500 zebra finches from five generations. The team recorded the birds' sex lives on videotape. Later, through genetic paternity tests, they determined which ones had the most offspring. Each day in the breeding season, the birds had sex with their partners twice and the females laid one egg, Forstmeier estimates, until each pair had produced a clutch of five or six eggs. Both males and females differed in their promiscuity: some males were "obsessed" with extramarital sex, he says, while others sought it much less; likewise, some females had a far greater tendency than others to cheat on their partners. As expected, the males who cheated a great deal sired the most offspring. But the team also found that more promiscuous males tended to father more promiscuous daughters. © Copyright Reed Business Information Ltd.

Keyword: Sexual Behavior; Genes & Behavior
Link ID: 15423 - Posted: 06.14.2011

By SANDRA BLAKESLEE In learning to draw or paint, it helps to have a sense of composition, color and originality. And depth perception? Maybe not so much, neuroscientists are now suggesting. Instead, so-called stereo blindness — in which the eyes are out of alignment so the brain cannot fuse the images from each one — may actually be an asset. Looking at the world through one eye at a time automatically “flattens the scene,” said Margaret S. Livingstone, an expert on vision and the brain at Harvard Medical School who helped carry out a study on stereo vision. That appears to give people with stereo blindness a natural advantage in translating the richly three-dimensional world onto a flat two-dimensional canvas, she said. They use monocular depth cues like motion, relative size, shadows and overlapping figures to stimulate a 3-D world. For one experiment in the study, published in the journal Psychological Science, the researchers measured stereoscopic ability in 403 students from two art schools known for an emphasis on representational rendering and in 190 non-art majors at a university with similar tuition. All students donned red and green glasses, the kind used to view 3-D movies, and stared at a background of colored dots that were manipulated by a computer to flicker randomly. Those with stereo vision were able to focus their eyes to see a square floating in front of or behind the computer screen, just as they might see the blade of a sword pop out of a 3-D screen. Those who were stereo blind just saw noise. The artists as a group performed more poorly than the controls. © 2011 The New York Times Company

Keyword: Vision
Link ID: 15422 - Posted: 06.14.2011

By Rachael Rettner Obese people may one day be able to get a vaccine to help them lose weight, a new study in mice suggests. The vaccine is designed to block the appetite-stimulating hormone ghrelin. Mice injected with the vaccine ate less and burned more calories than mice not given the vaccine. If such a vaccine were developed for human use, it would have advantages over current weight-loss drugs, which have side effects and cannot be used over the long term, said study researcher Dr. Mariana Monteiro, an associate professor at the University of Porto in Portugal. For example, the drug Merida was withdrawn from the market last year because of concerns it could increase heart attack and stroke risks. In contrast, the vaccine, appears to be safe so far, and its effects on the mice may last for years, the researchers said. However, other experts argue that while an obesity vaccine sounds appealing, in reality, the body's way of regulating appetite and weight gain is too complex for a vaccine to solve. "I think that an obesity vaccine is pretty far-fetched," said Dr. Pieter Cohen, an assistant professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School and a general internist at Cambridge Health Alliance. "It's extremely unlikely we'll be able to develop a vaccine that will prevent weight gain," Cohen said. © 2011 msnbc.com

Keyword: Obesity; Hormones & Behavior
Link ID: 15421 - Posted: 06.13.2011

By MALCOLM RITTER NEW YORK — The results of the blood test revealed only a risk, but when she saw them, she still threw up. Now she had to find out for sure. So she lay on her back at a doctor's office, praying, comforted by her Christian faith and her mother at her side, while a needle was slipped into her belly. Erin Witkowski of Port Jervis, N.Y., was going to find out if the baby she was carrying had Down syndrome. For years, many women have gone through an experience like hers: a blood or ultrasound test that indicates a heightened risk of the syndrome, followed by a medical procedure to make a firm diagnosis by capturing DNA from the fetus. Usually it's the needle procedure Witkowski had, called amniocentesis, done almost four months or more into the pregnancy. Sometimes it's an earlier test called CVS, or chorionic villus sampling, which collects a bit of tissue from the placenta. Both pose a tiny but real chance for miscarriage, and experts say highly skilled practitioners are not available everywhere. But by this time next year there may be an alternative — one that offers accurate results as early as nine weeks into the pregnancy. Companies are racing to market a more accurate blood test than those available now that could spare many women the need for an amnio or CVS. It would retrieve fetal DNA from the mother's bloodstream. And the answer could come before the pregnancy is obvious to others. For some women, that might mean abortion is a more tenable choice. For others it could be a mixed blessing. Copyright 2011 The Associated Press

Keyword: Development of the Brain; Genes & Behavior
Link ID: 15420 - Posted: 06.13.2011

Sandrine Ceurstemont, video producer If you think you have eagle eyes, the video above may prove you wrong. Something changes over the course of the sequence but can you pick up what it is? You'll probably be surprised by the reveal at the end of the clip and wonder how you missed such an obvious shift. Created by Kevin O'Reagan and his team at Paris Descartes University, the animation is an example of our blindness to certain slow changes. According to the researchers, there are two main factors that determine what we notice in our environment. First, we tend to focus our attention on the most interesting elements of a scene. In this case, the base of the merry-go-round may not be the most attention-grabbing part of the picture. In addition, we are more likely to perceive objects or changes that don't fit with what we expect to see. Once we've made sense of a scene, we look out for the unusual. Previous theories have suggested that we make sense of our environment by creating internal representations of the outside world, which are updated as we take in new important details. But according to O'Reagan, demos like this suggest that we may simply rely on external information. Since the outside world is constantly accessible to us, it would be overkill to constantly modify an internal model. In this video, the intermediate changes don't need to be committed to memory. © Copyright Reed Business Information Ltd.

Keyword: Vision; Attention
Link ID: 15419 - Posted: 06.13.2011

by Greg Miller Scientific inspiration sometimes comes from unlikely sources. Two years ago, Gregory Berns, a neuroeconomist at Emory University in Atlanta, was on the couch with his kids watching American Idol. One of the contestants sang the melancholy hit song Apologize by the alternative rock band OneRepublic, and something clicked in Berns's mind. He'd used the song a few years earlier in a study on the neural mechanisms of peer pressure, in this case, how teenagers' perceptions of a song's popularity influence how they rate the song themselves. At the time, OneRepublic had yet to sign its first record deal. A student in Bern's lab had pulled a clip of Apologize from the band's MySpace page to use in the study. When Berns heard the song on American Idol, he wondered whether anything in the brain scan data his team had collected could have predicted it would become a hit. At the time, all 120 songs used in the experiment were by artists who were unsigned and not widely known. "The next day, in the lab, we talked about it." To find out what had become of the songs, the lab bought a subscription to Nielsen SoundScan, a service that tracks music sales. The database contained sales data for 87 of the 120 songs (not surprisingly, many songs had languished in MySpace obscurity). Berns reexamined the functional magnetic resonance imaging scans his group had collected from 27 adolescents in 2007, looking for regions of the brain where neural activity during a 15-second clip of a song correlated with the subject's likeability ratings. Two regions stood out: the orbitofrontal cortex and the nucleus accumbens. "That was a good check that we were on the right track, because we knew from a ton of other studies that those regions are heavily linked to reward and anticipation," Berns says. © 2010 American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Keyword: Hearing; Brain imaging
Link ID: 15418 - Posted: 06.11.2011

by Sarah C.P. Williams Craving an afternoon snack? Take a drag on a cigarette, and your hunger will likely disappear. Smoking is the number one cause of preventable deaths in the Unites States and other developed countries, causing lung cancer, heart disease, and chronic bronchitis. But smokers are, on average, skinnier than nonsmokers. New research reveals how nicotine, the active ingredient in cigarettes, works in the brain to suppress smokers' appetites. The finding also pinpoints a new drug target for nicotine withdrawal—and weight loss. The nicotine receptor in the brain has 15 subunits; they can combine in a multitude of ways to form different receptors with different jobs. Nicotine can bind to each combination and spur a cascade of distinct events; some lead to the addictive properties of cigarettes, others to an increase in blood pressure or a feeling of relaxation. It's long been known that nicotine causes a slump in appetite, and scientists suspected that this worked through receptors associated with reward and behavior reinforcement. After all, the brain considers both cigarettes and food to be rewards. But the new finding suggests that appetite has its own pathway. Behavioral neuroscientist Marina Picciotto of Yale University set out to study whether activating one particular nicotine receptor, dubbed α3β4, had antidepressant effects on mice. But as postdoctoral researcher Yann Mineur was caring for the mice, which had received drugs engineered to stimulate only α3β4 receptors, he noticed a side effect: the mice were eating less. © 2010 American Association for the Advancement of Science. .

Keyword: Obesity; Drug Abuse
Link ID: 15417 - Posted: 06.11.2011

By Lauren F. Friedman Anthony Weiner, the once cheered, now shamed New York congressman, made at least two mistakes in the past two weeks. First, he lied, and then he cried. "I have exchanged messages and photos of an explicit nature with about six women over the last three years," he admitted, after denying three days earlier that he publicly posted an R-rated picture of himself via Twitter. He punctuated his June 6 confession with frequent sniffling. Cameras caught him wiping away a tear at least once, and The New York Times referred to him as "weeping and stammering". Tears can take on different meanings depending on who leaks them and when. Here's why Weiner's waters went awry. "Crying evolved as a signal to others that we're vulnerable and in need, but we have to consider whether or not the situation is one where it is appropriate to show one's vulnerability," says Randolph R. Cornelius, a professor of psychology at Vassar College who has studied crying for decades. "There are lots of situations where we don't want to do that." Weiner might have hoped that his crying—however genuine it may have been—would elicit sympathy, but research and history have shown that people do not universally respond kindly to tears. A seminal 1982 study on self-presentation suggested that whereas people tend to reveal their own weakness as a cry for help, an emotional display can easily backfire. Most research shows that a typical response to crying is to offer emotional support, but that doesn't mean that our reaction to tears is uniformly positive. © 2011 Scientific American,

Keyword: Emotions
Link ID: 15416 - Posted: 06.11.2011

FOR people worried about the feminising effect of oestrogen-like chemicals in the water there is now a modern-day equivalent of the canary in the coal mine: a genetically modified fish in a bowl. Male fish exposed to oestrogen have delayed sperm development and grow smaller testes. Some industrial chemicals, such as bisphenol A, mimic oestrogen, but little is known about how the effects of different oestrogen-like chemicals add up in water. To find out, Xueping Chen and colleagues at Vitargent, a biotechnology company in Hong Kong, have created a genetically engineered fish that glows green when it is exposed to oestrogen-like chemicals. Chen's team took the green fluorescent protein gene from jellyfish and spliced it into the genome of the medaka fish, Oryzias melastigma, next to a gene that detects oestrogen. Chemicals that have oestrogen-like activity cause the fish to express the modified gene, making them glow. When the team tested the fish at eight sites around Hong Kong, they found that some chemicals that showed weak or no oestrogenic activity, including UV filters used in sunscreen, had combined in water to amplify or create an oestrogenic effect. The work is as yet unpublished. William Price of the University of Wollongong in New South Wales, Australia, warns the approach does not detect a biological response. © Copyright Reed Business Information Ltd.

Keyword: Hormones & Behavior; Sexual Behavior
Link ID: 15415 - Posted: 06.11.2011

Analysis by Marianne English Red can symbolize danger, heat and even anger. It's true: The color's appearance in road signs, stoplights, labels and flushed cheeks often cautions humans to avoid harm. One study even found that Olympic competitors donning red uniforms were more successful at winning events, suggesting the color intimidates the competition. And a recent set of experiments featured in the journal Psychological Science indicates humans' apprehension of red may have evolutionary roots, leading to greater consideration of the color's use in human sports and primate habitats. In the study, Dartmouth College researchers measured reactions from rhesus macaque monkeys when they were given the option to take food from human testers. The species was studied because these primates have similar visual capabilities as humans and use redness as an expressive form of communication -- just like people blush or redden when aroused or angry. Scientists set up several experiments allowing the monkeys to "steal" food from human testers, each of whom dressed in a different color T-shirt and baseball cap -- either red, green or blue. Researchers predicted the monkeys would avoid stealing from the tester wearing red, and they were right. Monkeys preferred testers wearing green or blue and avoided those dressed in red, regardless of the tester's sex. The team says the monkeys' submissive actions suggest our avoidance of red may have evolved in humans' last common ancestor with © 2011 Discovery Communications, LLC.

Keyword: Emotions; Vision
Link ID: 15414 - Posted: 06.11.2011