By Tina Hesman Saey A fish that swims in limestone caverns under the Somalian desert has something to tell scientists about keeping time. Despite living in permanent darkness, with no difference between day and night, this blind cave-dweller still has its own quirky sense of rhythm. The Somalian cave fish, Phreatichthys andruzzii, has an inner timekeeper that ticks out a roughly 47-hour cycle set by food rather than sunlight, scientists from Italy, Germany and Spain report online September 6 in PLoS Biology. This odd biological clock may teach scientists more about the molecular pathways that govern such clocks, why clocks are important to organisms and how living things adapt when their clocks are no longer tied to cycles set by the rising and setting of the sun. Most animals, plants and some kinds of bacteria follow the sun’s cue in setting their own daily clocks. These biological, or circadian, clocks help govern sleeping, waking and feeding times, the rise and fall of blood pressure and other daily rhythms. Generally, circadian clocks follow an approximately 24-hour cycle and are reset largely by sunlight. When people’s circadian clocks aren’t set correctly, jet lag and even long-term health problems can result. Researchers study fish and other organisms to learn how circadian clocks’ gears mesh. Somalian cave fish have been cut off from the sun for up to 2.6 million years. Adapting to life in the dark has not only caused the fish’s eyes (as well as its scales and skin coloring) to disappear, but also altered its clock, say study authors Nicholas S. Foulkes of the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology in Germany, Cristiano Bertolucci of the University of Ferrara in Italy and their colleagues. © Society for Science & the Public 2000 - 2011

Keyword: Biological Rhythms; Evolution
Link ID: 15781 - Posted: 09.08.2011

By Nathan Seppa Threading a catheter up into the brain and inserting a device that widens a dangerously narrowed artery might do more harm than good in some patients at risk of stroke. An aggressive course of medications alone appears to be safer, researchers report online September 7 in the New England Journal of Medicine. Mesh cylinders called stents have offered cardiologists an inside-out approach to opening clogged coronary arteries that is less invasive than surgery. Now researchers are using a new generation of tiny stents to tackle similarly narrowed vessels in the brain. Federal regulators approved a brain stent in 2005, and past studies have supported stents’ effectiveness against stroke (SN: 2/17/2007, p. 99). Researchers used the approved stent in the new trial. They enrolled hundreds of patients at 50 hospitals who had just survived a stroke or had a transient ischemic attack, a kind of stroke that clears up within a day, says study coauthor Marc Chimowitz, a neurologist at the Medical University of South Carolina. The average age of the patients was about 60. Brain scans of these patients pinpointed an artery with buildup that obstructed at least 70 percent of blood flow. People with such bottlenecks are at high risk of having a stroke, because a blood clot may form at the narrowed spot and block blood flow, or a loose clot might get lodged at the pinch point. All patients received clot-busting medicines — aspirin and clopidogrel (Plavix) — and were given drugs to lower cholesterol and control blood pressure. © Society for Science & the Public 2000 - 2011

Keyword: Stroke
Link ID: 15780 - Posted: 09.08.2011

By Laura Sanders To one part of the brain, a bathroom equals toilet plus tub. In mental terms, certain scenes are sums of their objects, researchers report online September 4 in Nature Neuroscience. The results help explain how people quickly and accurately recognize complicated scenes such as playgrounds, kitchens and traffic intersections. Much of what scientists know about vision comes from studies of how people see simple objects in isolation, such as a line floating on a white screen, says cognitive neuroscientist Dirk Bernhardt-Walther of Ohio State University. The new work, in contrast, deals with messy, real-world scenes. “It’s an awesome study,” he says. A number of different brain areas are involved in telling us where we are, each relying on different types of information. In cases where the general outlines of a place offer little information, it appears, the brain homes in on specific objects within that space. “A bathroom and a kitchen may have similar three-dimensional shapes of the interior, but the objects will tell you a big difference,” says study coauthor Sean MacEvoy of Boston College. MacEvoy and Russell Epstein of the University of Pennsylvania measured the brain activity of 28 people viewing one of four scenes: a bathroom, kitchen, street intersection or playground. Participants then saw isolated objects associated with each scene, allowing the researchers to record the neural signature of each object. MacEvoy and Epstein focused on a particular part of the brain called the lateral occipital cortex, or LOC, which had responded to objects in previous studies. © Society for Science & the Public 2000 - 2011

Keyword: Attention
Link ID: 15779 - Posted: 09.08.2011

by Sara Reardon They're not quite psychic yet, but machines are getting better at reading your mind. Researchers have invented a new, noninvasive method for recording patterns of brain activity and using them to steer a robot. Scientists hope the technology will give "locked in" patients—those too disabled to communicate with the outside world—the ability to interact with others and even give the illusion of being physically present, or "telepresent," with friends and family. Previous brain-machine interface systems have made it possible for people to control robots, cursors, or prosthetics with conscious thought, but they often take a lot of effort and concentration, says José del R. Millán, a biomedical engineer at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) in Switzerland, who develops brain-machine interface systems that don't need to be implanted into the brain. Millán's goal is to make control as easy as driving a car on a highway. A partially autonomous robot would allow a user to stop concentrating on tasks that he or she would normally do subconsciously, such as following a person or avoiding running into walls. But if the robot encounters an unexpected event and needs to make a split-second decision, the user's thoughts can override the robot's artificial intelligence. To test their technology, Millán and colleagues created a telepresent robot by modifying a commercially available bot called Robotino. The robot looks a bit like a platform on three wheels, and it can avoid obstacles on its own using infrared sensors. On top of the robot, the researchers placed a laptop running Skype, a voice and video Internet chat system, over a wireless Internet connection. © 2010 American Association for the Advancement of Science

Keyword: Robotics
Link ID: 15778 - Posted: 09.08.2011

by Jennifer Couzin-Frankel Many babies born prematurely suffer from bleeding in their still-developing brains. Even when the bleeding stops, another life-threatening condition can strike: hydrocephalus, which occurs when fluid produced to keep the brain healthy builds up because it can't properly drain. For decades, doctors have known that the bleeding and hydrocephalus, also called "water on the brain," were linked, but they weren't sure why. A new study suggests the answer lies in a lipid that's common in blood but that can also profoundly disrupt brain structure and function when it's present in large quantities. Hydrocephalus strikes about one in 1500 babies, and treatment is imperfect. Doctors usually implant a shunt to drain cerebrospinal fluid out of the brain and into the spinal cord. Shunts fail over time, however, and follow-up surgeries are sometimes needed. The condition itself can also cause lifelong neurological problems. The roots of hydrocephalus remain murky, but for those linked to brain bleeds, the hypothesis was that blood clots—necessary to stop the bleeding—blocked the razor-thin pathways through which cerebrospinal fluid must travel to exit the brain. "We assumed for 100 years that it was just a mechanical block," says James McAllister II, a neuroembryologist at the University of Utah School of Medicine in Salt Lake City, who wasn't involved in the recent work. "Everybody thought that you dammed up the narrow channels." A group based at The Scripps Research Institute in San Diego, California, recently began to suspect that something else was at work. For years, Scripps neuroscientist Jerold Chun had been studying the embryonic brain and how certain lipids in the blood of both the mother and the embryo affect its development. © 2010 American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Keyword: Development of the Brain
Link ID: 15777 - Posted: 09.08.2011

By Christopher Eppig Being smart is the most expensive thing we do. Not in terms of money, but in a currency that is vital to all living things: energy. One study found that newborn humans spend close to 90 percent of their calories on building and running their brains. (Even as adults, our brains consume as much as a quarter of our energy.) If, during childhood, when the brain is being built, some unexpected energy cost comes along, the brain will suffer. Infectious disease is a factor that may rob large amounts of energy away from a developing brain. This was our hypothesis, anyway, when my colleagues, Corey Fincher and Randy Thornhill, and I published a paper on the global diversity of human intelligence. A great deal of research has shown that average IQ varies around the world, both across nations and within them. The cause of this variation has been of great interest to scientists for many years. At the heart of this debate is whether these differences are due to genetics, environment or both. Higher IQ predicts a wide range of important factors, including better grades in school, a higher level of education, better health, better job performance, higher wages, and reduced risk of obesity. So having a better understanding of variations in intelligence might yield a greater understanding of these other issues as well. Before our work, several scientists had offered explanations for the global pattern of IQ. Nigel Barber argued that variation in IQ is due primarily to differences in education. Donald Templer and Hiroko Arikawa argued that colder climates are difficult to live in, such that evolution favors higher IQ in those areas. © 2011 Scientific American,

Keyword: Intelligence; Development of the Brain
Link ID: 15776 - Posted: 09.08.2011

Brian Handwerk A new chemical may soon allow scientists to see exactly what's on your mind—because the substance turns brain tissue totally transparent. Known as Scale, the new chemical makes body tissue so crystal clear that light can penetrate deeply enough for researchers to directly see fluorescent markers embedded in cells and other structures. This advance could unveil new frontiers in medical imaging, according to its creators. "Our current experiments are focused on the mouse brain, but applications are neither limited to mice nor to the brain," Atsushi Miyawaki, of Japan's RIKEN Brain Science Institute, said in a press statement. We envision using Scale on other organs such as the heart, muscles, and kidneys and on tissues from primate and human biopsy samples." Paul Thompson, a neurologist at the UCLA School of Medicine who's unaffiliated with the research, said pictures of transparent organs and embryonic mice treated with Scale are incredible. "I've worked in brain imaging for 20 years, and seeing something like this really had a wow factor," he said. © 1996-2011 National Geographic Society.

Keyword: Development of the Brain
Link ID: 15775 - Posted: 09.08.2011

by Michael Marshall Dave the dolphin whistles, and his friend Alan whistles back. We can't yet decipher their calls, but some of the time Dave may be calling: "Alan! Alan! Alan! Alan!" Stephanie King of the University of St Andrews, UK, and colleagues monitored 179 pairs of wild bottlenose dolphins off the Florida coast between 1988 and 2004. Of these, 10 were seen copying each other's signature whistles, which the dolphins make to identify themselves to each other. The behaviour has never been documented before, and was only seen in pairs composed of a mother and her calf or adults who would normally move around and hunt together. The copied whistles changed frequency in the same way as real signature whistles, but either started from a higher frequency or didn't last as long, suggesting Dave was not merely imitating Alan. Copying only happened when a pair had become separated, which leads King to speculate that they were trying to get back together. She believes the dolphins were mimicking another animal's whistle as a way of calling them by name. King presented her research last week at the summer conference of the Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour in St Andrews. Justin Gregg of the Dolphin Communication Project in Old Mystic, Connecticut, remains cautious, and points out that the dolphins may copy the signature whistles simply because they hear them a lot. © Copyright Reed Business Information Ltd.

Keyword: Animal Communication; Language
Link ID: 15774 - Posted: 09.08.2011

by Michael Marshall If there's one word that sums up a newborn human baby, it's "helpless". Newly hatched greater honeyguide chicks are far more capable: chillingly so. They emerge into pitch darkness, inside a tunnel dug by another bird where their mother has left them. They will soon be joined by the host bird's own chicks when they hatch. If this was a slasher movie, now would be the time to cover your eyes. The young honeyguide kills the other chicks within an hour. All this from a bird that as an adult helpfully guides humans to bees' nests, which the humans then raid for honey. Honeyguides lay their eggs in other birds' nests, just like cuckoos. Claire Spottiswoode of the University of Cambridge studies them in southern Zambia, where they tend to parasitise little bee-eaters. These birds dig tunnels in the sandy ground, often in the roofs of aardvark holes, where they lay their eggs. Spottiswoode was able to insert video cameras into these nests. Female honeyguides slip into the tunnels and lay their own eggs there. If there are any little bee-eater eggs in place, the honeyguide mother punctures them with her beak. That's not always enough, however, because eggs sometimes survive and the little bee-eater may lay more. Spottiswoode found that only 67 per cent of host eggs were punctured in parasitised nests. © Copyright Reed Business Information Ltd.

Keyword: Aggression; Evolution
Link ID: 15773 - Posted: 09.08.2011

By THERESA BROWN, R.N. During nursing school, I remember my first clinical instructor initiating us into one of the paradoxical truths of health care: “You don’t come to the hospital to sleep.” Recently, a patient was set to be discharged the next day. But he needed a transfusion of platelets before we could remove the intravenous line that had been used to deliver chemotherapy. Thinking through the timing, the physician assistant realized that to get everything done, and to get the patient discharged on time, his treatment would have to start early in the morning. She scheduled the transfusion for 4 a.m, which meant the patient had to be woken at 3:30 a.m. to take the medications required before a transfusion. For practical reasons, it made sense. But the patient didn’t see it that way. “Can’t it be later so that I can sleep?” he asked. I started explaining why the transfusion had to be at 4 in the morning, but the patient wasn’t buying it. A kind and gentle man, he had had enough of being woken in the middle of the night. After several weeks in the hospital, he was tired. He wanted to sleep. And there was no way for him to doze through this particular procedure. For starters, we would turn on the lights in his darkened room, and two nurses would begin reading the medical record number on his wristband. © 2011 The New York Times Company

Keyword: Sleep
Link ID: 15772 - Posted: 09.08.2011

By Ivan Amato, The next time you experience a horseradish rush — you know, those tear-jerking omigod seconds when your entire head is tsunamied by pungency from the too-big dollop of herb you just wolfed down — consider that some biologists describe your moments of agony as nothing less than a brief exposure to a natural form of tear gas. The horseradish’s primary chemical irritant, allyl isothiocyanate, stimulates the same class of chemical receptors on the same sensory cells in your mouth, throat, nose, sinuses, face and eyes as do tear gas agents and pepper spray’s capsaicin, the chemical in chili peppers that lights your mouth on fire. In recent years, scientists have been uncovering the biological mechanisms underlying these sensations. They say their discoveries could lead to new pain-managing medicines and provide insights into whether adding menthol to cigarettes makes it easier to get hooked on on them. But before we go there, it is worth looking at how and why we take notice of such chemicals at all. It comes down to this: Evolution has given animals, including us humans, some serious protective measures against harmful chemicals in the environment. Meanwhile, plants, which have been forced to be sneaky because of their inability to run away, have developed chemical defenses to prevent them from being eaten, at least by animals that don’t help spread the plants’ seeds. © 1996-2011 The Washington Post

Keyword: Pain & Touch; Evolution
Link ID: 15771 - Posted: 09.08.2011

by Alison George He has already revealed that early humans interbred with Neanderthals and discovered a whole new type of hominin from its DNA alone. Now Svante Pääbo is setting his sights on even more exotic discoveries. He tells Alison George why he thinks the bombshells will keep coming Last year you revealed a previously unknown type of hominin, called the Denisovans, from DNA in a pinkie bone found in a cave in Denisova, Siberia. Tell me about this. We knew people had lived in this cave, but thought they were either Neanderthals or modern humans. When we sequenced the DNA, I was in the US so a postdoc called me to tell me the results. He said: "Are you sitting down?" because it was immediately clear this was some other form of human; not a Neanderthal, not a modern human. We were totally shocked. This is the first time that a new form of human has been defined totally from molecular data, not from the morphology of fossils. I think this will happen much more in the future - that just from a tiny speck of bone we can determine the whole genome and reconstruct much of the history. You recently visited this cave. What was it like? The cave is in the Altai mountains in central Asia and it was the first time I had seen it. It is really beautiful. It's big, almost cathedral-like with light coming in through a natural chimney. And you know that in this cave there have been both the Denisovans and modern humans and perhaps Neanderthals too. I went there for a meeting where anatomists, palaeontologists and archaeologists came together for the first time to try to sort out what we can say about this group of humans. © Copyright Reed Business Information Ltd.

Keyword: Evolution
Link ID: 15770 - Posted: 09.06.2011

by Mark Buchanan The fuzziness and weird logic of the way particles behave applies surprisingly well to how humans think THE quantum world defies the rules of ordinary logic. Particles routinely occupy two or more places at the same time and don't even have well-defined properties until they are measured. It's all strange, yet true - quantum theory is the most accurate scientific theory ever tested and its mathematics is perfectly suited to the weirdness of the atomic world. Yet that mathematics actually stands on its own, quite independent of the theory. Indeed, much of it was invented well before quantum theory even existed, notably by German mathematician David Hilbert. Now, it's beginning to look as if it might apply to a lot more than just quantum physics, and quite possibly even to the way people think. Human thinking, as many of us know, often fails to respect the principles of classical logic. We make systematic errors when reasoning with probabilities, for example. Physicist Diederik Aerts of the Free University of Brussels, Belgium, has shown that these errors actually make sense within a wider logic based on quantum mathematics. The same logic also seems to fit naturally with how people link concepts together, often on the basis of loose associations and blurred boundaries. That means search algorithms based on quantum logic could uncover meanings in masses of text more efficiently than classical algorithms. © Copyright Reed Business Information Ltd.

Keyword: Attention; Emotions
Link ID: 15769 - Posted: 09.06.2011

McMaster University researchers have discovered that a key gene may explain why some people are energetic and others find it hard to get moving. The team was working with mice, some of which had two genes removed. The genes control the AMP-activated protein kinase (or AMPK), an enzyme that is released during exercise. While mice like to run, the mice without the genes were not as active as mice with the genes. "While the normal mice could run for miles, those without the genes in their muscle could only run the same distance as down the hall and back," Gregory Steinberg, associate professor of medicine in the Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine and Canada Research Chair in Metabolism and Obesity, said in a release Monday. "The mice looked identical to their brothers or sisters, but within seconds we knew which ones had the genes and which one didn't." The researchers found the mice without the AMPK genes had lower levels of mitochondria — sometimes described as cellular power plants — and their muscles were less able to take up glucose while they exercised. By removing the genes, the researchers found that AMPK is the key regulator of the mitochondria, said Steinberg. The research is in the current issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. © CBC 2011

Keyword: Genes & Behavior
Link ID: 15768 - Posted: 09.06.2011

By GUY GUGLIOTTA LOS ANGELES — There is, perhaps, no more uplifting musical experience than hearing the “Hallelujah” chorus from Handel’s “Messiah” performed in a perfect space. Many critics regard Symphony Hall in Boston — 70 feet wide, 120 feet long and 65 feet high — as just that space. Tyson Yaberg of Audyssey Laboratories listened to an experimental system at the University of Southern California. Audyssey’s goal is to make dens and living rooms sound like concert halls and movie theaters. Some 3,000 miles away, however, a visitor led into the pitch-blackness of Chris Kyriakakis’s audio lab at the University of Southern California to hear a recording of the performance would have no way to know how big the room was. At first it sounded like elegant music played in the parlor on good equipment. Nothing special. But as engineers added combinations of speakers, the room seemed to expand and the music swelled in richness and depth, until finally it was as if the visitor were sitting with the audience in Boston. Then the music stopped and the lights came on. It turned out that the Immersive Audio Lab at U.S.C.’s Viterbi School of Engineering is dark, a bit dingy, and only 30 feet wide, 45 feet long and 14 feet high. © 2011 The New York Times Company

Keyword: Hearing
Link ID: 15767 - Posted: 09.06.2011

By JOYCE COHEN For people with a condition that some scientists call misophonia, mealtime can be torture. The sounds of other people eating — chewing, chomping, slurping, gurgling — can send them into an instantaneous, blood-boiling rage. Or as Adah Siganoff put it, “rage, panic, fear, terror and anger, all mixed together.” “The reaction is irrational,” said Ms. Siganoff, 52, of Alpine, Calif. “It is typical fight or flight” — so pronounced that she no longer eats with her husband. Many people can be driven to distraction by certain small sounds that do not seem to bother others — gum chewing, footsteps, humming. But sufferers of misophonia, a newly recognized condition that remains little studied and poorly understood, take the problem to a higher level. They also follow a strikingly consistent pattern, experts say. The condition almost always begins in late childhood or early adolescence and worsens over time, often expanding to include more trigger sounds, usually those of eating and breathing. Aage R. Moller, a neuroscientist at the University of Texas at Dallas who specializes in the auditory nervous system, included misophonia in the “Textbook of Tinnitus,” a 2010 medical guide of which he was an editor. © 2011 The New York Times Company

Keyword: Hearing; Emotions
Link ID: 15766 - Posted: 09.06.2011

By Roxanne Khamsi Night owls might think staying up late is a real hoot, but a new study hints that delayed sleep might have a sinister side. People who hit the sack late might have a greater risk of experiencing nightmares, according to scientists, although they add that follow-up research is needed to confirm the link. "It's a very interesting preliminary study, and we desperately need more research in this area," says Jessica Payne, director of the Sleep, Stress and Memory Lab at the University of Notre Dame, commenting on the new findings. Previous reports have estimated 80 percent of adults experience at least one nightmare a year, with 5 percent suffering from disturbing dreams more than once a month. The new paper, from a group of scientists writing in the journal Sleep and Biological Rhythms, surveyed 264 university students about their sleep habits and frequency of nightmares, defined as "dysphoric dreams associated with feelings of threat, anxiety, fear or terror." The scientists, led by Yavuz Selvi at the Yuzuncu Yil University in Van, Turkey, used a measure known as the Van Dream Anxiety Scale to assess the rate of bad dreams. Specifically, study participants were asked to rate their frequency of experiencing nightmares on a scale from zero to 4, corresponding to never and always, respectively. On average, individuals who described themselves as evening types had a score of 2.10, whereas their morning-type equivalents averaged 1.23 on the scale, a significant difference according to the authors of the study. © 2011 Scientific American

Keyword: Sleep
Link ID: 15765 - Posted: 09.06.2011

While the tongue map may have been thoroughly debunked, what about our brains? Does each kind of flavor get processed in its own little corner of our grey matter? According to new research, they just might. The image above is of the taste cortex (insula) of a mouse, with each of the color clumps representing one of four of the five primary tastes. Red is bitter, green is sweet, yellow is umami, and orange is salt. While the researchers also tested sour foods, they didn't spot a sour cluster, either because it was elsewhere in the brain or because sour food can also mess with pain pathways in the brain, as well as taste. What's interesting is how densely packed these taste hot spots are. Apparently, very few flavors cross over from one region to the other. In case you're curious what foods the researchers used as perfect examples of each taste type, they were: quinine and cycloheximide for bitter, sucrose and acesulfame potassium for sweet, MSG for umami, NaCl for salty and citric acid for sour. So, how long before we start hacking our brains to taste completely new flavors?

Keyword: Chemical Senses (Smell & Taste)
Link ID: 15764 - Posted: 09.06.2011

By SETH MYDANS YEKATERINBURG, Russia — The treatment center does not handcuff addicts to their beds anymore. But caged together on double-decker bunks with no way out, they have no choice but to endure the agonies of withdrawal, the first step in a harsh, coercive approach to drug treatment that has gained wide support in Russia. “We know we are skirting the edge of the law,” said Sergei Shipachev, a staff member at the center, which is run by a private group called City Without Drugs. “We lock people up, but mostly we have a written request from their family. The police couldn’t do this, because it’s against the law.” A thick silence fills the little room crammed with tall metal beds, obscuring the fact that there are 37 men lying shoulder to shoulder, each lost in a personal world of misery. Outside the chamber, known as the quarantine room, 60 men who have emerged — after as long as a month with only bread and water or gruel — work at menial jobs, lift weights or cook in a regimen of continued isolation from the world that staff members said usually takes a year. “To put someone in handcuffs, it calms them psychologically,” Mr. Shipachev said as he paged through photographs of men shackled to their beds or to each other. “Now, it’s the old-timers who calm the new ones. A guy shouts, ‘I’m going to die now!’ and everyone just laughs at him, because they’ve been there themselves. It would be much worse for him if he was alone. The best thing is to just go to sleep.” © 2011 The New York Times Company

Keyword: Drug Abuse
Link ID: 15763 - Posted: 09.03.2011

By Janet Raloff Obesity can trigger inflammation in the fat cells found just below the skin, creating an environment that has been linked with the development of both diabetes and heart disease, two new studies indicate. The findings suggest that people need to worry about all types of body fat, not just the deeply embedded fat that earlier work had focused on. But the new work also hints that some face a higher risk than others. In the body, most fat clusters under the skin in what’s known as subcutaneous adipose tissue. Much of the rest, called visceral fat, accumulates within muscle and between organs deeper inside the body. For more than a decade, studies have shown that obesity triggers visceral fat to begin spewing hormonelike chemicals called cytokines. These proinflammatory chemicals have been linked with metabolic syndrome, a constellation of abnormalities that can include impaired insulin sensitivity (known as insulin resistance), fat buildup around the waist, high blood pressure and low concentrations of HDL, the good cholesterol. “There’s been this sort of ill-proven idea that subcutaneous adipose tissue is not harmful and that visceral adipose tissue is the vicious demon that makes us sick,” says Gökhan S. Hotamisligil of the Harvard School of Public Health in Boston, who was not involved in the studies. The new data, he says, reinforce the fact that subcutaneous fat is far from benign. © Society for Science & the Public 2000 - 2011

Keyword: Obesity
Link ID: 15762 - Posted: 09.03.2011