By Laura Sanders Researchers have just wrapped production on a special movie of the mind that stars a brain scanner, a sophisticated computer program and millions of YouTube videos. By monitoring people’s brains as they watched movies and then re-creating what they saw, the new release has tiptoed closer to technology that can read minds by decoding mental activities, researchers report in an upcoming Current Biology paper. “It’s very dramatic. It really is like Minority Report,” says neuroscientist James Haxby of Dartmouth College, referring to the 2002 Tom Cruise vehicle in which decoded visions from psychic brains help identify criminals before any crime is committed. In the study, researchers led by Jack Gallant of the University of California, Berkeley used a type of brain scan called fMRI to record brain activity in three people (who were all coauthors on the paper) as they watched hours of Hollywood movie trailers. Brain signals were fed into a computer program that learned how each person’s visual system responded to scenes in the movies. Once the computer program had a good handle on the brains’ responses, the researchers went backwards and attempted to re-create what people were watching solely on the basis of brain signals. It worked. The technique roughly reproduced movie clips that showed a red bird swooping across the scene, elephants marching across the desert and Steve Martin’s hilarious antics, the team reports. © Society for Science & the Public 2000 - 2011

Keyword: Vision; Brain imaging
Link ID: 15847 - Posted: 09.29.2011

By GRETCHEN REYNOLDS Can exercise make the brain more fit? That absorbing question inspired a new study at the University of South Carolina during which scientists assembled mice and assigned half to run for an hour a day on little treadmills, while the rest lounged in their cages without exercising. Earlier studies have shown that exercise sparks neurogenesis, or the creation of entirely new brain cells. But the South Carolina scientists were not looking for new cells. They were looking inside existing ones to see if exercise was whipping those cells into shape, similar to the way that exercise strengthens muscle. For centuries, people have known that exercise remodels muscles, rendering them more durable and fatigue-resistant. In part, that process involves an increase in the number of muscle mitochondria, the tiny organelles that float around a cell’s nucleus and act as biological powerhouses, helping to create the energy that fuels almost all cellular activity. The greater the mitochondrial density in a cell, the greater its vitality. Past experiments have shown persuasively that exercise spurs the birth of new mitochondria in muscle cells and improves the vigor of the existing organelles. This upsurge in mitochondria, in turn, has been linked not only to improvements in exercise endurance but to increased longevity in animals and reduced risk for obesity, diabetes and heart disease in people. It is a very potent cellular reaction. © 2011 The New York Times Company

Keyword: Alzheimers
Link ID: 15846 - Posted: 09.29.2011

A drug which is already licensed for use could be used to treat sight problems in some albino people, say US researchers. People with albinism produce little or no melanin, which has a range of health consequences including poor sight and greater risk of skin cancer. Writing in The Journal of Clinical Investigation, doctors said a drug increased melanin production in mice. Other doctors described the work as a "substantial leap forward". People with a type of albinism - OCA1 - have light skin, white hair and light irises caused by defective tyrosinase genes which mean they struggle to produce melanin. Mice tests Scientists at the National Eye Institute, Maryland, were investigating a drug - nitisinone - which is used to treat a blood condition, but is also known to increase hair and eye pigmentation. Giving the drug to albino mice increased the amount of melanin in the eyes after one month of treatment. However, the researchers could not tell it this improved eyesight in the mice as the generally nocturnal creatures have different eye structures. The researchers also do not know what would happen in human patients. BBC © 2011

Keyword: Vision; Genes & Behavior
Link ID: 15845 - Posted: 09.27.2011

If NASA is ever to send astronauts to Mars, it first must solve a problem that has nothing to do with rockets or radiation. An eye condition that has eroded the vision of some astronauts who have spent months aboard the international space station has doctors worried that future explorers could go blind by the end of long missions, such as a multi-year trip to Mars. NASA has asked researchers to study the issue and has put special eyeglasses on the space station to help those affected. “We are certainly treating this with a great deal of respect,” said Rich Williams, NASA’s chief health and medical officer. According to one NASA survey of about 300 astronauts, nearly 30 percent of those who have flown on space shuttle missions — which usually lasted two weeks — and 60 percent who completed six-month shifts aboard the station reported a gradual blurring of eyesight. The disorder, similar to an Earth-bound condition called papilledema, is believed to be caused by increased spinal-fluid pressure on the head and eyes due to microgravity. For decades, NASA has heard anecdotal evidence of vision problems. But the agency began studying the issue in earnest only around 2005. “You didn’t hear about it at all until you had one fellow come back [from space] and had problems and was very open about it. His openness led to other people reporting the same,” said Garrett Reisman, who spent three months aboard the station in 2008. © 1996-2011 The Washington Post

Keyword: Vision
Link ID: 15844 - Posted: 09.27.2011

By Bora Zivkovic So, why do I say that it is not surprising the exposure to bright light alleviates both seasonal depression and other kinds of depression, and that different mechanisms may be involved? In mammals, apart from visual photoreception (that is, image formation), there is also non-visual photoreception. The receptors of the former are the rods and cones that you all learned about in middle school. The receptors for the latter are a couple of thousand Retinal Ganglion Cells (RGCs) located in the retina in each eye. Each of these cells expresses a photopigment melanopsin (the cryptochrome challenger apparently lost the contest about a year ago after several years of frantic research by proponents of both hypotheses). The axons – nerve processes – from these cells go to and make connections in three parts of the brain. One is the brain center that controls pupillary reflex – when the light is bright the pupils constrict, while in the dark the pupils dilate. The second is the brain center involved in the control of mood. There is still a lot to work out about this center, but that is probably the place where exposure to light helps alleviate regular, i.e., non-seasonal depression. The third place where these RGCs project is the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) – the main circadian pacemaker in the mammalian circadian system. The first light of dawn perceived by the eyes tells the SCN that it is day. Likewise, at dusk, the gradual decrease in light intensity perceived by these RGCs signals to the SCN that night is about to start. © 2011 Scientific American,

Keyword: Biological Rhythms; Depression
Link ID: 15843 - Posted: 09.27.2011

by Sujata Gupta Imagine walking away from a doctor's office with a prescription to play a video game. Brain Plasticity, the developer of a cognitive training game, has begun talks with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to market the game as a therapeutic drug. Brain Plasticity has been fine-tuning a game to help people with schizophrenia improve the deficits in attention and memory that are often associated with the disorder. Early next year, they will conduct a study with 150 participants at 15 sites across the country. Participants will play the game for one hour, five times a week over a period of six months. If participants' quality of life improves at that "dosage," Brain Plasticity will push ahead with the FDA approval process. FDA approval for computer games in general – whether for schizophrenia or more common disorders such as depression or anxiety – could change the medical landscape, says Daniel Dardani, a technology licensing officer at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. But FDA involvement in the brain game industry will come with pros and cons. Panellists drawn from research and industry debated the issue at a meeting of the Entertainment Software and Cognitive Neurotherapeutics Society in San Francisco earlier this week. Some hope that an FDA stamp of approval will add integrity to a controversial industry. "The world of brain games is just full of bullshit," Michael Merzenich, co-founder of Posit Science, a developer of cognitive games told New Scientist at the meeting. © Copyright Reed Business Information Ltd.

Keyword: Schizophrenia; Learning & Memory
Link ID: 15842 - Posted: 09.27.2011

By ANAHAD O'CONNOR Morning pick-me-up? For many women, the mood-elevating effects of a cup of coffee may be more than fleeting. A new study shows that women who regularly drink coffee — the fully caffeinated kind — have a 20 percent lower risk of depression than nondrinkers. Decaf, soft drinks, chocolate, tea and other sources of caffeine did not offer the same protection against depression, possibly because of their lower levels of caffeine, the authors say. Dr. Albert Ascherio, an author of the study and professor of epidemiology and nutrition at the Harvard School of Public Health, said it was too early to recommend that women load up on extra lattes. More research is needed, he said, and “a very high level of caffeine can increase anxiety” and insomnia, potentially reversing any mood-lifting effects. A link between caffeine intake and depression had been suspected for years. Previous research reported that the risk of suicide decreases with increasing coffee consumption. And a study of over 2,200 middle-aged men in Finland found that heavy coffee drinkers had a significantly lower risk of severe depression than men who avoided coffee, though the sample size was considered too small to be very definitive. The new study, published in the latest issue of The Archives of Internal Medicine, was larger and more rigorous, analyzing data on nearly 51,000 women taking part in the famous Nurses’ Health Study. Between 1996 and 2006, the women provided detailed information every two years on their caffeine intake, depression risk factors and overall health, including their weight, their use of hormones and their levels of exercise and smoking. Women who reported a diagnosis of depression or showed signs of it at the start of the study were excluded from the analysis. © 2011 The New York Times Company

Keyword: Drug Abuse; Depression
Link ID: 15841 - Posted: 09.27.2011

Researchers have a new weapon in their arsenal to diagnose and treat traumatic brain injury (TBI) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among military service members and civilians. The National Institutes of Health Clinical Center began imaging patients last week on a first-of-its-kind, whole-body simultaneous positron emission topography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) device. The Biograph mMR offers a more complete picture of abnormal metabolic activity in a shorter time frame than separate MRI and PET scans, two tests many patients undergo. The purchase of the Biograph mMR was made possible through the Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine (CNRM), a Department of Defense-funded collaboration between the NIH and the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences. The CNRM carries out research in TBI and PTSD that would benefit servicemen and women at Walter Reed National Navy Medical Center, near the NIH campus in Bethesda, Md. Researchers at the NIH Clinical Center will also use the Biograph mMR in studies with patients with other brain disorders, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. "This scanner combines the two most powerful imaging tools," said David Bluemke, M.D., Ph.D., director of NIH Clinical Center Radiology and Imaging Sciences. "The MRI points us to abnormalities in the body, and the PET tells us the metabolic activity of that abnormality, be it a damaged part of the brain or a tumor. This will be a major change for many patients." The new device makes patient care swifter and safer. The faster turnaround time and more comprehensive results will help diagnose patients at an earlier stage of disease, leading to better outcomes, Bluemke said.

Keyword: Brain imaging; Brain Injury/Concussion
Link ID: 15840 - Posted: 09.27.2011

by David Robson IT IS 30,000 years ago. A man enters a narrow cave in what is now the south of France. By the flickering light of a tallow lamp, he eases his way through to the furthest chamber. On one of the stone overhangs, he sketches in charcoal a picture of the head of a bison looming above a woman's naked body. In 1933, Pablo Picasso creates a strikingly similar image, called Minotaur Assaulting Girl. That two artists, separated by 30 millennia, should produce such similar work seems astonishing. But perhaps we shouldn't be too surprised. Anatomically at least, our brains differ little from those of the people who painted the walls of the Chauvet cave all those years ago. Their art, part of the "creative explosion" of that time, is further evidence that they had brains just like ours. How did we acquire our beautiful brains? How did the savage struggle for survival produce such an extraordinary object? This is a difficult question to answer, not least because brains do not fossilise. Thanks to the latest technologies, though, we can now trace the brain's evolution in unprecedented detail, from a time before the very first nerve cells right up to the age of cave art and cubism. The story of the brain begins in the ancient oceans, long before the first animals appeared. The single-celled organisms that swam or crawled in them may not have had brains, but they did have sophisticated ways of sensing and responding to their environment. "These mechanisms are maintained right through to the evolution of mammals," says Seth Grant at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute in Cambridge, UK. "That's a very deep ancestry." © Copyright Reed Business Information Ltd.

Keyword: Evolution
Link ID: 15839 - Posted: 09.27.2011

A new study has found birds learn the art of nest-building, rather than it being just an instinctive skill. Researchers from Edinburgh, Glasgow and St Andrews Universities studied film of southern masked weavers recorded by scientists in Botswana. This colourful species was chosen because individual birds build many complex nests in a season. Dr Patrick Walsh of Edinburgh University said the study revealed "a clear role for experience". The research has been published in the Behavioural Processes journal. Individual birds varied their technique from one nest to the next and there were instances of birds building nests from left to right as well as from right to left. As birds gained more experience, they dropped blades of grass less often. "If birds built their nests according to a genetic template, you would expect all birds to build their nests the same way each time. However this was not the case," added Dr Walsh. "Southern Masked Weaver birds displayed strong variations in their approach, revealing a clear role for experience. "Even for birds, practice makes perfect." BBC © 2011

Keyword: Learning & Memory
Link ID: 15838 - Posted: 09.26.2011

By Nick Bascom Even the inside of the nose can be a little cliquish. Like birds of a feather, nasal molecules that respond to pleasant smells flock together, keeping their distance from sensor molecules that pick up unpleasant smells. Sensor molecules, or receptors, appear to be organized according to the pleasantness (or unpleasantness) of the odors they sense, a new study finds. For example, locations in the nose that respond strongly to one fragrant aroma will respond strongly to other delectable smells. Patches of nasal surfaces that process putrid stenches also handle specific sorts of smells and leave the rest of the work to someone else, Noam Sobel of the Weizmann Institute of Science in Rehovot, Israel and colleagues reported online September 25 in Nature Neuroscience. The researchers inserted an electrode into 16 subjects’ noses and then showered the volunteers with six different scents. Because certain odors provoked stronger responses at different locations in the nose, the research team was able to confirm previous evidence suggesting a variegated nasal receptor surface. “We’re not the first to find that,” says Sobel. But he and his colleagues have added an important new wrinkle. “Not only are the receptors organized in patches, but the axis that best describes their organization is pleasantness.” This discovery sheds new light on a relatively poorly studied sensory organ. Compared with eyes or ears, scientists don’t know much about how the nose works. © Society for Science & the Public 2000 - 2011

Keyword: Chemical Senses (Smell & Taste); Emotions
Link ID: 15837 - Posted: 09.26.2011

By Jennifer Welsh, LiveScience Staff Writer Cats arch their backs at the smell of a rival, and mice scurry at the scent of a fox. But how does the nose know who or what is lurking? Now scientists have identified several special receptors in the noses of animals that react to specific scents given off by others. It's these receptors that signal to the brain whether the animal needs to flee, make itself large and scary, or perhaps even woo a mate. "Animals in the wild need to be able to recognize other animals, whether they are predators, potential mates or rivals," study researcher Catherine Dulac of Harvard University told LiveScience. "Many animals rely on the sense of smell; they can distinguish one type of encounter from another one based on chemicals." Experimenting on mice, Dulac and her fellow researchers discovered that more of the animal's receptors seem to be dedicated to sniffing out predators than to detecting potential mates. When a cat or mouse senses the chemical compounds secreted by other animals, it activates a special sensor in the nose called the vomeronasal organ. This organ, which is found in many animals and consists of a set of receptors, sends a signal to the brain, which interprets the signal and takes action. (Though humans have lost this organ, research has suggested humans do react in various ways to chemical cues.) © 2011 LiveScience.com

Keyword: Chemical Senses (Smell & Taste)
Link ID: 15836 - Posted: 09.26.2011

UC Berkeley scientists have developed a system to capture visual activity in human brains and reconstruct it as digital video clips. Eventually, this process will allow you to record and reconstruct your own dreams on a computer screen. I just can't believe this is happening for real, but according to Professor Jack Gallant—UC Berkeley neuroscientist and coauthor of the research published today in the journal Current Biology—"this is a major leap toward reconstructing internal imagery. We are opening a window into the movies in our minds." Indeed, it's mindblowing. I'm simultaneously excited and terrified. This is how it works: They used three different subjects for the experiments—incidentally, they were part of the research team because it requires being inside a functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging system for hours at a time. The subjects were exposed to two different groups of Hollywood movie trailers as the fMRI system recorded the brain's blood flow through their brains' visual cortex. The readings were fed into a computer program in which they were divided into three-dimensional pixels units called voxels (volumetric pixels). This process effectively decodes the brain signals generated by moving pictures, connecting the shape and motion information from the movies to specific brain actions. As the sessions progressed, the computer learned more and more about how the visual activity presented on the screen corresponded to the brain activity.

Keyword: Vision; Brain imaging
Link ID: 15835 - Posted: 09.24.2011

By Neil Bowdler Health reporter, BBC News Scientists in the Netherlands are using robotic legs to try to improve the movement of stroke patients. The prototype device is called the Lower-extremity Powered ExoSkeleton, or LOPES, and works by training the body and mind of a patient to recover a more natural step. The machine is also being tested on spinal injury patients who have recovered some restricted movement in their legs. It is hoped a commercial version could be made available to rehabilitation centres around the world as early as next year. Feedback mechanism LOPES has been developed by engineers at the University of Twente in Enschede in the Netherlands over several years. Designed for the rehabilitation clinic, it is not a mobile device but supports the patient as they walk on a treadmill. It can do all the walking for the patient, or it can offer targeted support in either one leg or with one element of the walking process. The machine can also detect what the patient is doing wrong. "For instance, some people cannot lift their foot up appropriately," explains Dr Edwin van Asseldonk, who is working on the project. "What this device does is it senses that the foot is not lifting properly. BBC © 2011

Keyword: Stroke
Link ID: 15834 - Posted: 09.24.2011

Caitlin Stier, video intern The shapes in this video seem to get distorted, but it's all in your mind. The illusion, created by Cornelia Fermüller of the University of Maryland, is an animated version of a classic effect called the Luckiesh pattern, where a shape can look skewed when surrounded by radiating lines. By making the linear pattern move, the distortion changes position. According to Fermüller, the bending is caused by imperfections in our visual system when we compute the angle between the pairs of lines. Our brain approximates the angle with a systematic error, for example an angle of 45 degrees may be over or underestimated by a degree. "Using this noisy measurement, the visual system computes wrong intersection points between the background lines and the shape, which leads to a perceived distortion," says Fermüller. Fermüller is using statistics to better understand the misinterpretation which also occurs in computer processing. The approach could explain illusions that involve basic estimation biases rather than higher level processing in the brain. You can also play around with an interactive version of the illusion here, by tweaking intersection estimates and controlling the speed and angle of the pattern. Journal reference: Vision Research, DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2003.09.038 © Copyright Reed Business Information Ltd.

Keyword: Vision
Link ID: 15833 - Posted: 09.24.2011

By Laura Sanders A meticulous study has failed to confirm a connection between chronic fatigue syndrome and a family of viruses that includes XMRV. Nine laboratories — including the two that originally identified a link — could not reliably detect the viruses in blood cells from patients with the mysterious and controversial condition, researchers report online September 22 in Science. In another blow, one of the labs that contributed to the original study retracted its key result because some of the samples used in the research were found to be contaminated with genetically engineered DNA from XMRV. The partial retraction also appears online September 22 in Science. Together, the new data largely exonerate the virus as a cause of chronic fatigue syndrome — a disorder with a constellation of symptoms, no known cause and no effective treatment. “The data certainly contradict the original findings,” says infectious disease specialist Michael Busch of the University of California, San Francisco and the Blood Systems Research Institute in San Francisco, who coordinated the new nine-lab study. “To me, it demonstrates that these labs have serious problems with false positive results and that those earlier data are not credible.” For some researchers, the end to the XMRV saga can’t come soon enough. “The whole scientific world pretty much knows this whole thing is hocus-pocus,” says Robert Gallo, director of the Institute of Human Virology at the University of Maryland School of Medicine in Baltimore. “Basically, it’s not real.” © Society for Science & the Public 2000 - 2011

Keyword: Depression
Link ID: 15832 - Posted: 09.24.2011

By Laura Sanders Humans live in a world of uncertainty. A shadowy figure on the sidewalk ahead could be a friend or a mugger. By flooring your car’s accelerator, you might beat the train to the intersection, or maybe not. Last week’s leftover kung pao chicken could bring another night of gustatory delight or gut agony. People’s paltry senses can’t always capture what’s real. Luckily, though, the human brain is pretty good at playing the odds. Thanks to the brain’s intuitive grasp of probabilities, it can handle imperfect information with aplomb. “Instead of trying to come up with an answer to a question, the brain tries to come up with a probability that a particular answer is correct,” says Alexandre Pouget of the University of Rochester in New York and the University of Geneva in Switzerland. The range of possible outcomes then guides the body’s actions. A probability-based brain offers a huge advantage in an uncertain world. In mere seconds, the brain can solve (or at least offer a good guess for) a problem that would take a computer an eternity to figure out — such as whether to greet the approaching stranger with pepper spray or a hug. A growing number of studies are illuminating how this certitude-eschewing approach works, and how powerful it can be. Principles of probability, researchers are finding, may guide basic visual abilities, such as estimating the tilt of lines or finding targets hidden amid distractions. Other behaviors, and even simple math, may depend on similar number crunching, some scientists think. © Society for Science & the Public 2000 - 2011

Keyword: Attention; Emotions
Link ID: 15831 - Posted: 09.24.2011

By Susan Milius Penguins may be able to smell some feathery, waddling whiff of kinship on others of their kind. In some sniff tests, Humboldt penguins (Spheniscus humboldti) in the Brookfield Zoo outside Chicago could discriminate between the odor of birds they knew and birds they weren’t familiar with, says Jill Mateo of the University of Chicago. More intriguingly, the birds also showed evidence of an ability to distinguish between the scents of relatives and nonrelatives even if they weren’t personally familiar with the scent owners, Mateo and her colleagues report September 21 in PLoS ONE. The ability to recognize kin by smell has shown up in many other kinds of animals, including mammals, amphibians and fish. Although the new study is limited by its small size, it could be the first to show odor-based kinship recognition among birds. New evidence that a sense of smell may be important in birds also makes the study intriguing. For decades, scientists thought that most species of birds responded minimally, if at all, to odor cues. In recent years, though, researchers have uncovered more and more evidence for functionally significant sniffing, such as the odor detection of food out in the open ocean by blue petrels and some other tubenose seabirds. Odor-based kin recognition would make sense for colony-dwelling birds with lifetime monogamy such as the Humboldt penguins, which return to the same rookeries where they hatched in search of mating prospects. Birds hatched in different years by same parents could easily meet, Mateo says. “If familiarity is the only mechanism available to them, they might say, ‘Hey, I’m not related to you. Let’s have sex.” So a sniff test for kinship could come in handy. © Society for Science & the Public 2000 - 2011

Keyword: Chemical Senses (Smell & Taste)
Link ID: 15830 - Posted: 09.24.2011

by Elizabeth Pennisi Biologists have long wondered why some female animals bother to play the field. With males, spreading one's sperm as far and wide as possible makes sense, as they sire more offspring that way. For the female, however, extra sex takes a toll on her body, potentially reducing her life span. Yet it doesn't expand her chances of spreading her genes around. Researchers have now shown that promiscuity in the fairer sex has its benefits. By mating multiple times, females can compensate for the downsides of inbreeding. And that's why promiscuity may evolve in small populations. When populations of many organisms are small, their members often wind up mating with kin. Such inbreeding can lead to a double dose of bad genes that result in sickly offspring and reduced fertility. Matthew Gage, an evolutionary ecologist at the University of East Anglia in the United Kingdom, wanted to know if promiscuous females could offset problems from inbreeding by providing more possibilities for their eggs to be fertilized by genetically suitable sperm. He and his colleagues tested this idea in the red flour beetle, a 3-millimeter-long insect pest found in flour and grains and sometimes used in laboratory studies. Gage and colleagues found that multiple mating, also called polyandry, did benefit inbred females. When allowed to mate with just one male, inbred females have 50% fewer surviving offspring than outbred counterparts that mated with nonkin. But the number of offspring is equal if the inbred females breed with five males, the team reports today in Science. The inbred females are apparently able to weed out sperm from kin that would lead to less fit offspring. If they mate with just one male, however, they don't have that option. © 2010 American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Keyword: Sexual Behavior; Evolution
Link ID: 15829 - Posted: 09.24.2011

Multiple sclerosis might be connected to a lack of steroids in the brain, Alberta researchers have found. MS attacks the brain and spinal cord, causing inflammation and damage that can lead to paralysis and sometimes blindness. In the September issue of the journal Brain, neurologist Dr. Chris Power of the University of Alberta Hospital in Edmonton and his colleagues describe a new potential avenue for treating MS. There are some drugs related to neurosteroids that are actively in clinical trials, Dr. Chris Power said.There are some drugs related to neurosteroids that are actively in clinical trials, Dr. Chris Power said. CBC The discovery centres on neurosteroids, which help brain cells to talk, grow and repair themselves. The findings open up a brain process "that we might be able to direct so that we can prevent damage and maybe even repair the damaged brain," Power said Wednesday. Brains of people who died with multiple sclerosis showed lower levels of neurosteroids, the researchers found. The team believes that by replacing neurosteroids, it might be possible to alleviate symptoms or even prompt recovery, based on the results of their test tube and mouse modeling studies. "We've actually jumped the queue a little bit because there are some drugs related to neurosteroids that are actively in clinical trials," Power said. "This certainly provides fertile ground." © CBC 2011

Keyword: Multiple Sclerosis; Hormones & Behavior
Link ID: 15828 - Posted: 09.22.2011