By EDDY NAHMIAS Is free will an illusion? Some leading scientists think so. For instance, in 2002 the psychologist Daniel Wegner wrote, “It seems we are agents. It seems we cause what we do… It is sobering and ultimately accurate to call all this an illusion.” More recently, the neuroscientist Patrick Haggard declared, “We certainly don’t have free will. Not in the sense we think.” And in June, the neuroscientist Sam Harris claimed, “You seem to be an agent acting of your own free will. The problem, however, is that this point of view cannot be reconciled with what we know about the human brain.” Such proclamations make the news; after all, if free will is dead, then moral and legal responsibility may be close behind. As the legal analyst Jeffrey Rosen wrote in The New York Times Magazine, “Since all behavior is caused by our brains, wouldn’t this mean all behavior could potentially be excused? … The death of free will, or its exposure as a convenient illusion, some worry, could wreak havoc on our sense of moral and legal responsibility.” Indeed, free will matters in part because it is a precondition for deserving blame for bad acts and deserving credit for achievements. It also turns out that simply exposing people to scientific claims that free will is an illusion can lead them to misbehave, for instance, cheating more or helping others less. [1] So, it matters whether these scientists are justified in concluding that free will is an illusion. © 2011 The New York Times Company

Keyword: Attention
Link ID: 16036 - Posted: 11.15.2011

By Hannah Tepper These days, we seem to be living in a new golden age of choice. One moment we’re tweeting, the next we are changing our profile picture. We get a hankering for hummus and next thing we know, it’s off to Yelp the nearest falafel place. In every choice and action we make, online or off, we have the unique sense that we are in control. This is what it feels like to have free will. But many neuroscientists have maintained a long-standing opinion that what we experience as free will is no more than mechanistic patterns of neurons firing in the brain. Although we feel like free agents contemplating and choosing, they would argue that these sensations are merely an emotional remnant that brain activity leaves in its wake. If these neuroscientists are right, then free will isn’t worth much discussion. Michael S. Gazzaniga, professor and director of the SAGE Center for the Study of the Mind at the University of California at Santa Barbara, seriously disagrees. In his new book out this month, “Who’s In Charge: Free Will and the Science of the Brain,“ Gazzaniga uses a lifetime of experience in neuroscientific research to argue that free will is alive and well. Instead of reducing free will to the sum of its neurological parts, he argues that it’s time for neuroscience to consider free will as a scientific fact in its own right. Through fascinating examples in chaos theory, physics, philosophy and, of course, neuroscience, Gazzaniga makes this interesting claim: Just as you cannot explain traffic patterns by studying car parts, neuroscience must abandon its tendency to reduce macro-level phenomena like free will to micro-level explanations. Along the way he provides fascinating and understandable information from brain evolution to studies involving infants and patients with severed brain hemispheres (split-brain patients). The final chapters of the book consider neuroscience as it implicates social responsibility, justice and how we treat criminal offense. © 2011 Salon Media Group, Inc.

Keyword: Attention
Link ID: 16035 - Posted: 11.15.2011

By Tina Hesman Saey WASHINGTON — For young people, snoozing means big gains in memory. But in older folks some of sleep’s memory-boosting abilities are erased, a new study finds. Sleep has been shown in a wide variety of studies to increase people’s ability to recall words and objects and to improve physical skills. But that boost may be available only to the young, Lauri Kurdziel and Rebecca Spencer of the University of Massachusetts Amherst reported November 13 at the Society for Neuroscience annual meeting. Previously, the researchers had shown that a night of sleep improved young people’s ability to learn a series of button presses similar to playing a piano. Adults in the over-50 age group didn’t get a bump in performance from sleeping. But that difference may have been due to older folks’ slower reaction times. A new study, though, suggests that it’s sleep’s memory benefits that are reduced with age. Kurdziel and Spencer had a group of 18- to 30-year-olds and a group of 50- to 80-year-olds learn a sequence of colored doors that would lead them through 10 virtual rooms. The researchers then tested the participants’ memories 12 hours later, either in the evening of the same day or after a night of sleep. Young people who took the test after being awake all day made about 10 errors on average, but a night of sleep nearly halved the number of mistakes. In the over-50 group, a night of sleep didn’t help. The people made just as many errors after sleeping all night as they did if they took the test after being awake for 12 hours. © Society for Science & the Public 2000 - 2011

Keyword: Sleep; Learning & Memory
Link ID: 16034 - Posted: 11.14.2011

By Nathan Seppa ORLANDO, Fla. — Women who report having had forced sex at a young age have an elevated risk of heart disease as adults. Some of the higher cardiac risk is traceable to behavioral and lifestyle factors, but much of it goes unexplained, researchers reported October 13 at a meeting of the American Heart Association. “This tells us that the immediacy of the tragedy is being followed by risk that may have implications in later life,” says Clyde Yancy, a cardiologist at Northwestern University School of Medicine in Chicago who was not involved in the study. “That’s very disconcerting.” The researchers analyzed data from more than 67,000 women who were age 25 to 42 when they volunteered to participate in a large healthcare study in 1989. Questionnaire responses revealed that 11 percent answered yes when asked whether they had had “forced sexual activity” during childhood or adolescence, the years through age 17. After following the women in adulthood for 18 years and tabulating any heart problems they encountered in that time, the scientists were able to discern that women who had had at least one episode of forced sexual contact when young faced roughly a 56 percent greater risk in cardiovascular disease than did women with no history of childhood sex abuse. © Society for Science & the Public 2000 - 2011

Keyword: Stress; Development of the Brain
Link ID: 16033 - Posted: 11.14.2011

By Laura Sanders WASHINGTON — Like the fictional detective Carrie Wells on the TV show Unforgettable, some real-life people can remember every day of their lives in detail. Those superrememberers have more bulk in certain parts of their brains, possibly explaining the remarkable ability to recall minutiae from decades ago, researchers said November 13 at the annual meeting of the Society for Neuroscience. One brain region involved in such incredible recall has been implicated in obsessive-compulsive disorder, hinting that OCD and superior memory might have a common architecture in the brain. Scientists have long studied people with memory deficits, but there haven’t been many studies on people with exceptional memories. “Looking at memory from a deficit gave us a lot of insight into memory,” said study coauthor Aurora LePort of the University of California, Irvine. “Looking at memory from a superior perspective gives us a new tool. It may just broaden our knowledge and ability to know what’s going on.” In 2006, UC Irvine neuroscientist Larry Cahill and collaborators published a report on a woman who could remember detailed accounts of her life. Cahill and colleagues then began hearing from many people who claimed to have extraordinary memories. After sifting through and eliminating the impostors, the team was left with 11 people who scored off the charts for autobiographical memory. These people could effortlessly remember, for instance, what they were doing on November 2, 1989, and could also tell you that it was a Thursday. “They’re not going home and saying ‘OK, let me write down what I did today and memorize it,’ ” LePort said. © Society for Science & the Public 2000 - 2011

Keyword: Learning & Memory; Brain imaging
Link ID: 16032 - Posted: 11.14.2011

By Laura Sanders WASHINGTON — Tricking people with severe arthritis into thinking their sore hand is healthy dampens their pain, a new study suggests. If confirmed, the preliminary results may offer a powerful and inexpensive way to fight persistent arthritis pain. “The results are really exciting,” said pain expert Candy McCabe of the University of Bath in England, who wasn’t involved in the study. “The whole thing is visual trickery, but the science behind it is strong.” The new technique, described November 12 at the annual meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, is a type of mirror therapy, in which the illusion of a pain-free hand makes people feel better. So far, visual feedback from mirrors has been shown to reduce some kinds of chronic pain, notably the pain felt in “phantom limbs” of amputees. But it was unclear whether mirror therapy could reduce pain produced by arthritic, inflamed joints. In the new work, Laura Case, V.S. Ramachandran and colleagues at the University of California, San Diego recruited eight volunteers who had osteo- or rheumatoid arthritis. The volunteers saw a reflection of Case’s healthy hand in the same place where their sore hand should have been. To strengthen the sensation of the hand-swap, the researchers simultaneously touched Case’s hand and the volunteer's hand, creating a unified sensation of seeing and feeling the touch. The volunteer then mimicked a series of slow hand movements made by the researcher. © Society for Science & the Public 2000 - 2011

Keyword: Pain & Touch
Link ID: 16031 - Posted: 11.14.2011

By Neil Bowdler Health reporter, BBC News An international study has linked an industrial solvent to Parkinson's disease. Researchers found a six-fold increase in the risk of developing Parkinson's in individuals exposed in the workplace to trichloroethylene (TCE). Although many uses for TCE have been banned around the world, the chemical is still used as a degreasing agent. The research was based on analysis of 99 pairs of twins selected from US data records. Parkinson's can result in limb tremors, slowed movement and speech impairment, but the exact cause of the disease is still unknown, and there is no cure. Research to date suggests a mix of genetic and environmental factors may be responsible. A link has previously been made with pesticide use. 'Significant association' The researchers from institutes in the US, Canada, Germany and Argentina, wanted to examine the impact of solvent exposure - specifically six solvents including TCE. They looked at 99 sets of twins, one twin with Parkinson's, the other without. Because twins are similar genetically and often share certain lifestyle characteristics, twins were thought to provide a better control group, reducing the likelihood of spurious results. BBC © 2011

Keyword: Parkinsons; Neurotoxins
Link ID: 16030 - Posted: 11.14.2011

Ian Sample, science correspondent A professional cellist who lost nearly all of his memory after a virus destroyed parts of his brain has astonished doctors with his remarkable recall of music. The 71-year-old, known only as PM, had played with a major German orchestra before contracting the infection that devastated his brain's memory centres in 2005. The illness left the musician with such profound amnesia he could remember almost nothing of his past and was unable to plan for the future. The only people he recognised were his brother and a care worker. "He can hardly remember a thing. He has no memory of any personal or professional events," Carsten Finke, a neurologist at Charité university hospital in Berlin, told the Guardian. "He is living in the moment, more or less. He has lost his whole life." Doctors made their discovery when they tested PM's ability to recall musical information and found he could identify the scales, rhythms and intervals of pieces they played him. The man went on to score normally on a standard test for musical memory. But it was later tests that surprised doctors most, when the cellist showed he could learn new pieces of music, even though he failed to remember simple information, such as the layout of his flat, who his doctors were and what medicines he should take. Neighbours said the man still played the cello in his apartment, but he refused to play in front of doctors, perhaps because he felt he was no longer any good, Finke said. © 2011 Guardian News and Media Limited

Keyword: Learning & Memory; Hearing
Link ID: 16029 - Posted: 11.14.2011

By Gary Stix They go by many names: Brain worms, sticky music (thanks Oliver Sacks), cognitive itch, stuck song syndrome. But the most common (if also the most repugnant) is earworms, a literal translation from Ohrwurm, a term used to describe the phenomenon (and perhaps bring to mind an immediate association with corn earworms). If you’re an academic, you might refer to it as Involuntary Musical Imagery, which, of course, gets condensed to INMI. What are we talking about? Again, back to the academics, specifically, C. Phillip Beaman and Tim I. Williams from the University of Reading, who in a 2010 paper, explain it like this: “Simply, an earworm is the experience of an inability to dislodge a song and prevent it from repeating itself in one’s head.” Oh, thaaat. In the last five years, earworms have become the subject of peer-reviewed scientific studies. In 2006, Steven Brown of Simon Fraser University even studied his own earworms and observed in the Journal of Consciousness Studies that they could be used as a basis for understanding how conscious experience can be split into multiple parallel streams. In 2008, moreover, Finnish researchers published a study that used the Interrnet to survey age, gender, personality and musical and linguistic competence of 12,420 countrymen who experienced the endless loops in their heads. © 2011 Scientific American,

Keyword: Hearing; Attention
Link ID: 16028 - Posted: 11.12.2011

Daniel Cressey In 2008, the world’s media was captivated by a study apparently showing that cows like to align themselves with magnetic fields. But attempts to replicate this finding have left two groups of researchers at loggerheads, highlighting the problems faced by scientists working to replicate unusual findings based on new methods of data analysis. Magneto-reception has been detected in animals from turtles to birds. Three years ago, Hynek Burda, a zoologist at the University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany, and his colleagues added cattle to the magnetic family with a paper in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The team used data from Google Earth to show that domestic cattle seem to prefer to align their bodies along Earth’s magnetic field lines1, and showed a similar phenomenon in field observations of deer. A follow-up study by Burda and his colleagues showed no such alignment near electric power lines, which might be expected to disrupt magneto-sensing in cattle2. Cow conundrum Earlier this year, a group of Czech researchers reported their failed attempt to replicate the finding using different Google Earth images3. The Czech team wrote in the Journal of Comparative Physiology A: “Two independent groups participated in our study and came to the same conclusion that in contradiction to the recent findings of other researchers, no alignment of the animals and of their herds along geomagnetic field lines could be found.” © 2011 Nature Publishing Group,

Keyword: Animal Migration
Link ID: 16027 - Posted: 11.12.2011

by Susan Watts Yet another survey has revealed surprisingly large numbers of people using drugs to boost their mental powers. What should be done? MOST of us want to reach our full potential. We might drink a cup of coffee to stay alert, or go for a run to feel on top of the job. So where's the harm in taking a pill that can do the same thing? So-called cognitive-enhancing drugs are usually prescribed to treat medical conditions, but they are also known for their ability to improve memory or focus. Many people buy them over the internet, which is risky because they don't know what they are getting. We also know next to nothing about their long-term effects on the brains of healthy people, particularly the young. But some scientists believe they could have a beneficial role to play in society, if properly regulated. So who's taking what? The BBC's flagship current affairs show Newsnight and New Scientist ran an anonymous online questionnaire to find out. I also decided to try a cognitive enhancer for myself. The questionnaire was completed by 761 people, with 38 per cent saying they had taken a cognitive-enhancing drug at least once. Of these, nearly 40 per cent said they had bought the drug online and 92 per cent said they would try it again. Though not representative of society, the survey is an interesting, anecdotal snapshot of a world for which there is little data. The drugs people said they had taken included modafinil, normally prescribed for sleep disorders, and Ritalin and Adderall, taken for ADHD. The range of experiences is striking. © Copyright Reed Business Information Ltd.

Keyword: ADHD; Attention
Link ID: 16026 - Posted: 11.12.2011

Caitlin Stier, video intern The hearts in this animation appear to have a pulse but that's only because of the changing background. Created by psychophysiologist Marcel de Heer, the shapes enlarge when a dark area is behind them and compress when a lighter shade moves in. To investigate the effect, researcher Stuart Anstis of the University of California, San Diego, made his own heart animations. In one variation, where a heart's interior changes in brightness, the shape also appears to beat (see second animation in video). "The changing gradient across the heart converts the lightening and darkening into apparent expansion and contracting," explains Anstis. The illusion is caused by the response of retinal cells in our eyes as the boundary changes in brightness. But processing in the visual cortex is also likely to play a role. Simone Gori of the University of Padua previously discovered a similar effect where a gradient affects how we perceive brightness. The smooth pulse induced by a gradual background change is also illustrated in an award-winning illusion where a pattern made up of brains appears to shift. © Copyright Reed Business Information Ltd.

Keyword: Vision
Link ID: 16025 - Posted: 11.12.2011

By Laura Sanders Instead of the indiscriminate destruction of the atom bomb or napalm, the signature weapon of future wars may be precise, unprecedented control over the human brain. As global conflicts become murkier, technologies based on infiltrating brains may soon enter countries’ arsenals, neuroethicists claim in a paper published online October 31 in Synesis. Such “neuroweapons” have the capacity to profoundly change the way war is fought. Advances in understanding the brain’s inner workings could lead to a pill that makes prisoners talk, deadly toxins that can shut down brain function in minutes, or supersoldiers who rely on brain chips to quickly lock in on an enemy’s location. The breadth of brain-based technologies is wide, and includes the traditional psychological tactics used in earlier wars. But the capacity of the emerging technologies is vastly wider — and may make it possible to coerce enemy minds with exquisite precision. In the paper, neuroscientists James Giordano of the Potomac Institute for Policy Studies in Arlington, Va., and Rachel Wurzman of Georgetown University Medical Center in Washington, D.C., describe emerging brain technologies and argue that the United States must be proactive in neuroscience-based research that could be used for national intelligence and security. “A number of these different approaches are heating up in the crucible of possibility, so that’s really increased some of the momentum and the potential of what this stuff can do,” Giordano says. © Society for Science & the Public 2000 - 2011

Keyword: Neurotoxins; Robotics
Link ID: 16024 - Posted: 11.12.2011

By TARA PARKER-POPE Sometimes even a healthy brain doesn’t work the way it’s supposed to. Nobody may know that better than Rick Perry, the Texas governor, who suffered an embarrassing memory lapse during the Republican presidential debate on Wednesday. Mr. Perry stops midsentence as he struggles to remember the name of the Department of Energy, one of three federal agencies he has often said should be eliminated. A pained look crosses his face. He stammers. He starts over. He changes the subject. But the words don’t come. How the gaffe will affect Mr. Perry’s political aspirations isn’t known. But among brain researchers, the moment is a fascinating display of a common human experience: the brain freeze. “There are a lot of potential explanations for why it happened,” said Daniel Weissman, a University of Michigan neuroscientist who studies attention. “A lot of things are going on when we try to recall memories, and problems at any stage could lead to failure.’’ Mr. Perry is not the first public figure to suffer an embarrassing memory lapse. Earlier this year, the singer Christina Aguilera forgot the words to the national anthem as she performed at the Super Bowl. And Chief Justice John G. Roberts Jr. misplaced a word in the oath at the swearing-in ceremony for President Obama, prompting him to readminister the oath the next day. © 2011 The New York Times Company

Keyword: Learning & Memory; Stress
Link ID: 16023 - Posted: 11.12.2011

By RAYMOND TALLIS The world of academe is currently in the grip of a strange and worrying ¬epidemic of biologism, which has also captured the popular imagination. Scientists, philosophers and quite a few toilers in the humanities believe—and would have the rest of us believe—that nothing fundamental separates humanity from animality. Biologism has two cardinal manifestations. One is the claim that the mind is the brain, or the activity of the brain, so that one of the most powerful ways to advance our understanding of ourselves is to look at our brains in action, using the latest scanning devices. The other is the claim that Darwinism explains not only how the organism Homo sapiens came into being (as, of course, it does) but also what motivates people and shapes their day-to-day behavior. These beliefs are closely connected. If the brain is an evolved organ, shaped by natural selection to ensure evolutionary success (as it most surely is), and if the mind is the brain and nothing more, then the mind and all those things we are minded to do can be explained by the evolutionary imperative. The mind is a cluster of apps or modules securing the replication of the genes that are expressed in our bodies. Many in the humanities have embraced these views with astonishing fervor. New disciplines, prefixed by "neuro" or "evolutionary" or even "neuro-evolutionary," have been invented. "Neuro-aesthetics" explains aesthetic pleasure in terms of activity in certain parts of the brain observed when people are enjoying works of art. A propensity for aesthetic brain-tingles, implanted in us by evolution, causes us to tingle to the right kinds of things, such as pictures of landscapes loaded with food. ©2011 Dow Jones & Company, Inc.

Keyword: Attention
Link ID: 16022 - Posted: 11.12.2011

by Jennifer Couzin-Frankel More than 10 years ago, a husband-and-wife team came up with a novel way to fight disease: Look for small bits of protein that home in on specific tissues and attach a drug to them. Now, the work has brought the researchers close to a new therapy for obesity, which they report works well in monkeys and is edging toward human testing. The couple, cancer biologists Renata Pasqualini and Wadih Arap, who run a lab together at M. D. Anderson Cancer Center in Houston, Texas, has a unique way of thinking about drug development. Rather than focus on specific compounds and how they might fight disease, the researchers cast a wide net. They take massive numbers of protein bits, known as peptides, and attach each one to the shell of a bacterial virus. The combo is then injected into people who have been declared brain dead—M. D. Anderson patients who often wished to be organ donors but weren't eligible, so their families agreed to this study instead—to see which blood vessels the peptide hooks up to. The idea is that blood vessels in, say, the prostate have protein expression patterns different from those in vessels in the lung and that blood vessels in cancer tissue have expression patterns different from those in healthy tissue. Once Pasqualini and Arap know which blood vessels a peptide latches on to, they can attach a drug to that peptide; in the case of cancer, the drug might destroy the vessels that feed a tumor. Although their work focused on treating cancer, the researchers wondered about other conditions in which destroying blood vessels might help. One was obesity, in part because an earlier study had suggested that giving rodents angiogenesis inhibitors, drugs that prevent growth of new blood vessels, could help them lose weight. In 2004, Arap and Pasqualini reported in Nature Medicine that they attached a cell-killing drug to a peptide that traveled to blood vessels in fat tissue. The treatment led to weight loss in mice. © 2010 American Association for the Advancement of Science

Keyword: Obesity
Link ID: 16021 - Posted: 11.11.2011

By JOHN TIERNEY If you want a truly frustrating job in public health, try getting people to stop smoking. Even when researchers combine counseling and encouragement with nicotine patches and gum, few smokers quit. Recently, though, experimenters in Italy had more success by doing less. A team led by Riccardo Polosa of the University of Catania recruited 40 hard-core smokers — ones who had turned down a free spot in a smoking-cessation program — and simply gave them a gadget already available in stores for $50. This electronic cigarette, or e-cigarette, contains a small reservoir of liquid nicotine solution that is vaporized to form an aerosol mist. The user “vapes,” or puffs on the vapor, to get a hit of the addictive nicotine (and the familiar sensation of bringing a cigarette to one’s mouth) without the noxious substances found in cigarette smoke. After six months, more than half the subjects in Dr. Polosa’s experiment had cut their regular cigarette consumption by at least 50 percent. Nearly a quarter had stopped altogether. Though this was just a small pilot study, the results fit with other encouraging evidence and bolster hopes that these e-cigarettes could be the most effective tool yet for reducing the global death toll from smoking. But there’s a powerful group working against this innovation — and it’s not Big Tobacco. It’s a coalition of government officials and antismoking groups who have been warning about the dangers of e-cigarettes and trying to ban their sale. © 2011 The New York Times Company

Keyword: Drug Abuse
Link ID: 16020 - Posted: 11.11.2011

By JEFF Z. KLEIN GREENBURGH, N.Y. — Concussions continued to cast a long shadow over the N.H.L. on Thursday. The Rangers said there was no update on the condition of defenseman Marc Staal, who has not played this season and is still recovering from a concussion sustained in February that the club did not disclose until September. Pittsburgh’s Sidney Crosby, who has been sidelined by a concussion since early January, was cleared for contact a month ago and has practiced all week, including Wednesday, when he took several hard hits. Despite speculation that he would return for Friday’s home game against the Dallas Stars, Coach Dan Bylsma said Crosby would not play in either of the team’s games this weekend. That leaves Tuesday’s game against the Colorado Avalanche as the earliest possible return date for Crosby. Toronto goalie James Reimer has not played since Oct. 22, when he sustained an injury that the Maple Leafs have characterized variously as whiplash, concussion-like symptoms and an upper-body injury. The N.H.L. has earned praise this season for taking measures to reduce concussions, including introducing stronger rules against boarding and checks to the head, and strictly enforcing those rules through fines and suspensions. But questions persist about a league policy that allows teams to be vague about disclosure of injuries, and a recent incident suggested that in-game concussion protocols might be inconsistently applied. © 2011 The New York Times Company

Keyword: Brain Injury/Concussion
Link ID: 16019 - Posted: 11.11.2011

By PAULINE W. CHEN, M.D. The middle-aged patient with long dark hair made it very clear that this was not her first urinary tract infection. “It’s because when I urinate,” she said, “I need to use a catheter.” She opened the leather satchel on her lap and, to prove her point, pulled out a thin, red sterile length of tube covered in plastic. “Just ask one of the older nurses or doctors,” she said, smiling. “They all know me.” But as I would learn, it was not because of her recurrent infections that so many of my colleagues knew her. Several years earlier, she had come in for a routine operation. The doctor had evaluated her before the operation, learned that she was a homemaker and met her husband. But on the morning of her operation, as he pulled down the sheets to begin inserting the urinary catheter into his now sleeping patient, he was startled to discover that the patient was not exactly who he had assumed she was. She was transgender, and where he had been expecting to find female genitalia, he found male genitals instead. The operation had gone well; but years later the doctor’s glaring oversight continued to haunt the rest of us. The patient had obviously not felt comfortable disclosing her transgender identify, and the doctor had clearly not asked the right questions. We knew that any one of us could have made the same mistake. While we had been trained well in treating cancer with the best chemotherapy regimen, curing flesh-eating infections with the most powerful antibiotics or transplanting organs with the greatest of ease, when it came to caring for patients who were transgender, we were lost. For many of us, the same could be said for lesbian, gay and bisexual patients as well. The only thing most of us knew how to do was ask about a single issue: “Whom are you having sex with? Men, women or both?” © 2011 The New York Times Company

Keyword: Sexual Behavior
Link ID: 16018 - Posted: 11.11.2011

by Chelsea Whyte Signs of consciousness have been detected in three people previously thought to be in a vegetative state, with the help of a cheap, portable device that can be used at the bedside. "There's a man here who technically meets all the internationally agreed criteria for being in a vegetative state, yet he can generate 200 responses [to direct commands] with his brain," says Adrian Owen of the University of Western Ontario. "Clearly this guy is not in a true vegetative state. He's probably as conscious as you or I are." In 2005, Owen's team, used functional MRI to show consciousness in a person who was in a persistent vegetative state, also known as wakeful unconsciousness – where the body still functions but the mind is unresponsive – for the first time. However, fMRI is costly and time-consuming, so his team set about searching for simple and cost-effective solutions for making bedside diagnoses of PVS. Now, they have devised a test that uses the relatively inexpensive and widely available electroencephalogram (EEG). Owen and his team used an EEG on 16 people thought to be in a PVS and compared the results with 12 healthy controls while they were asked to imagine performing a series of tasks. Each person was asked to imagine at least four separate actions – either clenching their right fist or wiggling their toes. Journal reference: The Lancet, DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61224-5 © Copyright Reed Business Information Ltd.

Keyword: Attention
Link ID: 16017 - Posted: 11.11.2011