Molly Hennessy-Fiske, Los Angeles Times Dylan Catania is almost 2. He likes pasta with red sauce, playing catch or wrestling with his dad, sitting on slick leather chairs at Starbucks to greet strangers and holding his breath underwater. He does not like baby food, sitting in his car seat or taking naps. When he is really, really happy, Dylan likes to sit on the ground, crack a smile exposing his fledgling teeth and spin like a top. The faint scar on his right temple is invisible under a cap of downy brown hair. He was born with half of his brain enlarged and malformed, a disorder known as hemimegalencephaly that occurs in fewer than two dozen births a year. When he was nearly 3 months old, neurosurgeons at UCLA severed the right hemisphere of Dylan's brain from the left in a seven-hour hour operation, radical surgery to stop him from suffering as many as a hundred seizures each day. Neurologists who see him now, scooting across the floor propelled by his right hand, recognize the telltale "hemi scoot." His family and friends see a determined boy who has grown not only stronger but also more trusting, empathetic and brave. He can say more than two dozen words. He does not cry for his mother at the preschool near his family's home in the Beverly Glen neighborhood of Los Angeles, but if another child wails, he joins in solidarity. He favors classical music and anything Elmo, waving his right hand to the beat, but has been known to watch in awe as his sister and cousins groove along to their Wii. He has yet to make peace with his left side, slightly paralyzed by the surgery, but if his parents ask nicely, he will kiss his left hand, known as "lefty." © 2011 Hearst Communications Inc.

Keyword: Laterality; Development of the Brain
Link ID: 16225 - Posted: 01.07.2012

By Gary Stix High-school and college teachers always entreat their charges to forgo the cramming. Studying bit by bit over the course of a semester is the way to go. A study published online in Nature Neuroscience on December 25 not only appears to demonstrate the biological underpinnings of this pedagogical truism. It actually goes one step further to suggest a means of optimizing training intervals, an insight that could, in theory, translate into strategies for committing to memory the molecular structure of maitotoxin or a Chinese ideogram. The study is not about to spur a round of venture financing for the next start-up to launch a new generation of brain-training games. At the moment, it is still just a proof of principle in Aplysia californica, the sea slugs that are star animals in the laboratories of neuroscientists. Eric Kandel, the avuncular regular on the Charlie Rose Brain Series, actually rode the back of Aplysia to a Nobel Prize in 2000 for his research on the biochemical processes underlying memory. In this new study, Kandel's former student, John H. Byrne, who heads the Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy at The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, has brought a new twist to the original learning method developed in Kandel's lab—a technique that consisted of shocking slug tails at regular intervals and then seeing whether the animals overreacted later when receiving another zap, a sign that they remembered their tormentors all too well. © 2012 Scientific American,

Keyword: Learning & Memory
Link ID: 16224 - Posted: 01.07.2012

By Katherine Harmon Stephen Hawking turns 70 on Sunday, beating the odds of a daunting diagnosis by nearly half a century. The famous theoretical physicist has helped to bring his ideas about black holes and quantum gravity to a broad public audience. For much of his time in the public eye, though, he has been confined to a wheelchair by a form of the motor-neuron disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). And since 1985 he has had to speak through his trademark computer system—which he operates with his cheek—and have around-the-clock care. But his disease seems hardly to have slowed him down. Hawking spent 30 years as a full professor of mathematics at the University of Cambridge. And he is currently the director of research at the school's Center for Theoretical Cosmology. But like his mind, Hawking's illness seems to be singular. Most patients with ALS—also known as Lou Gehrig's disease, for the famous baseball player who succumbed to the disease—are diagnosed after the age of 50 and die within five years of their diagnosis. Hawking's condition was first diagnosed when he was 21, and he was not expected to see his 25th birthday. Why has Hawking lived so long with this malady when so many other people die so soon after diagnosis? We spoke with Leo McCluskey, an associate professor of neurology and medical director of the ALS Center at the University of Pennsylvania, to find out more about the disease and why it has spared Hawking and his amazing brain. © 2012 Scientific American,

Keyword: ALS-Lou Gehrig's Disease
Link ID: 16223 - Posted: 01.07.2012

by Chelsea Whyte When it comes to selecting mates, hawkfish keep their options open. The flamboyantly coloured reef dwellers start life as females but can transform into males after maturing. Many marine animals do this, but these fickle fish have a rare trick up their fins: they can change back when the situation suits. Tatsuru Kadota and colleagues from Hiroshima University in Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan, have observed reverse sex changes in wild hawkfish for the first time in the subtropical reefs around Kuchino-Erabu Island in southern Japan. Hawkfish live in harems, with one dominant male mating with several females. Kadota's team studied 29 hawkfish and found that when it comes to sex change, the size of the harem matters. If a male hawkfish took on many females, one of the two largest females would change sex and take over half of the harem, mating as a male. Conversely, if that new male hawkfish lost a few females to other harems and was challenged by a larger male, it reverted to mating as a female, instead of wasting precious energy fighting a losing battle. "The ability to undergo bidirectional sex change maximises an individual's reproductive value," Kadota says. "Because of our frame of reference, we think of gender being fated one way or another," says fish ecologist Scott Heppell of Oregon State University in Corvallis. "These animals are a lot more flexible than some species." © Copyright Reed Business Information Ltd.

Keyword: ADHD; Sexual Behavior
Link ID: 16222 - Posted: 01.07.2012

Caitlin Stier, video intern Turn your coffee table into a fish tank with this design, created by John Leung, based on an illusion known as the moiré effect. The interference points in the pattern built into the table trick your eye into perceiving motion beneath the table. The moiré effect consists of two overlapping transparent patterns offset from one another. As the layers move new patterns form, like the folded layers of a nylon curtain moving in a breeze. The fish rug and glass coffee table serve as the layers in this design. The pieces work together to passively animate the carp. The static design only requires the observer to tilt his head to perceive the motion. Leung's goal in creating the piece named the magic carp-pet was to create an artificial fish tank that brings life to the room. He calls illusions a part of his "design DNA." In his work, he often seeks to convert flat illusions into 3D objects with the added dimension of experience. "Optical illusions have always fascinated me because they test the limit of the human visual perception," he says. "They pose the question: is what we are conceiving really the reality?" © Copyright Reed Business Information Ltd.

Keyword: Vision
Link ID: 16221 - Posted: 01.07.2012

By ANAHAD O'CONNOR One in 10 infants and toddlers have problems sleeping at night and may be at greater risk of developing a sleep disorder as they get older, a new study suggests. The new research is a rare look at a problem that many parents and even pediatricians sometimes fail to notice. The study, which looked at children ages 6 months to 3 years, found that sleep problems were common in this age group. But parents did not always perceive red flags like loud and frequent snoring — which can be a risk factor for obstructive sleep apnea, a potentially serious breathing disorder — as problems that warranted mentioning to their pediatricians. The findings also challenged a widespread notion that children who have sleep troubles early on tend to outgrow them. In the study, children who had one or more sleep problems at any point in early childhood were three to five times as likely to have a sleep problem later on. “The data indicate that sleep problems in children are not an isolated phenomenon,” said Dr. Kelly Byars, an associate professor at the Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and an author of the study, which was published in the journal Pediatrics. “If you have it early and it’s not remedied, then it’s likely to continue over time.” The warning signs of a disorder can vary widely. But some indicators of a potential problem in children are loud snoring several nights a week, frequent bouts of getting up in the middle of the night, nightmares or night terrors, and routinely taking longer than 20 minutes to fall asleep. © 2012 The New York Times Company

Keyword: Sleep; Development of the Brain
Link ID: 16220 - Posted: 01.07.2012

By LISA SANDERS, M.D. On Wednesday, we challenged Well readers to figure out the diagnosis for a middle-aged woman with a pulsating whooshing sound in her head and a sharp stabbing pain on the left side of her neck and head. Nearly 400 readers wrote in with some very thoughtful assessments of this patient’s problem. The correct diagnosis is… Hemicrania continua The only right answer we got came in around 11:15 a.m. from Sashank Prasad, a neuro-ophthalmologist from Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston. He says he sees a lot of headache patients because eye involvement is a common feature in many chronic headaches. It was a comment I had made to another reader, noting that the patient didn’t require surgery to get better, that helped him focus on hemicrania continua as the cause of this patient’s pain. One of the characteristics of this syndrome is that it is usually very sensitive to indomethacin, a type of medicine in the same family as ibuprofen and naproxen. The Diagnosis: Hemicrania continua is a type of daily headache first described in the early 1980s. It is characterized by the symptoms noted by this patient: persistent pain on one side of the head interspersed with episodes of much more severe pain that is often described as sharp or stabbing. The episodes are usually accompanied by other facial symptoms, including watery eyes, runny nose, eyelid swelling or constriction of the pupil. © 2012 The New York Times Company

Keyword: Pain & Touch
Link ID: 16219 - Posted: 01.07.2012

By Linda Thrasybule The brain's abilities to reason, comprehend and remember may start to worsen as early as age 45, a new study from England suggests. Researchers gave tests of thinking skills to about 5,100 men and 2,200 women between the ages of 45 and 70 years over a 10-year period. They found people ages 45 to 49 years experienced a notable decline in mental functioning. " 'Senior' moments that people often joke about are true," said Dr. Gary Small, geriatric psychiatrist David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, who was not involved with the work. "If you follow people over time, you'll see there are structural changes that happen in the brain as they age," he said. The study was published today (Jan. 5) in the British Medical Journal. Previous evidence suggests that impaired cognitive function could be an early sign of dementia. One recent study showed cognitive performance strongly predicted a 75 percent diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease, a common form of dementia, after six years. About 1 in 8 older Americans have Alzheimer's disease, according to the Alzheimer's Association. They anticipate the numbers will grow each year as more and more people continue to live longer. © 2012 msnbc.com

Keyword: Alzheimers
Link ID: 16218 - Posted: 01.07.2012

By Laura Sanders Rats dosed with a compound isolated from an ancient herbal remedy appear all but impervious to quantities of alcohol that put their compatriots under the table. Rodents on the drug can drink large quantities of alcohol without passing out, show fewer signs of hangover and even fail to become addicted to alcohol after weeks of drinking, researchers report in the Jan. 4 Journal of Neuroscience. If the compound proves to have similar effects in humans, it may offer a powerful way to combat alcohol’s dizzying effects, the dreaded hangover and even alcohol dependence. “I think it’s really pretty incredible that one study opens up avenues for so many angles,” says neuroscientist A. Leslie Morrow of the University of North Carolina School of Medicine in Chapel Hill. Researchers led by Jing Liang of the University of California, Los Angeles began by surveying herbal compounds that reportedly have antialcohol effects. A promising candidate caught the researchers’ eyes: an extract isolated from the seeds of the Asian tree Hovenia dulcis, first described as a primo hangover remedy in the year 659. In the new study, Liang and her team tested one ingredient of Hovenia called dihydromyricetin, or DHM, on rats, which respond to alcohol in similar ways to humans. After rats were given the human equivalent of 15 to 20 beers in under two hours, the animals passed out in a drunken stupor and lost the reflex to flip over when placed on their backs. The rats took about an hour after this binge to begin to regain control of their bodies and flip themselves over. © Society for Science & the Public 2000 - 2012

Keyword: Drug Abuse
Link ID: 16217 - Posted: 01.05.2012

by Stephen Battersby TACKLING a crossword can crowd the tip of your tongue. You know that you know the answers to 3 down and 5 across, but the words just won't come out. Then, when you've given up and moved on to another clue, comes blessed relief. The elusive answer suddenly occurs to you, crystal clear. The processes leading to that flash of insight can illuminate many of the human mind's curious characteristics. Crosswords can reflect the nature of intuition, hint at the way we retrieve words from our memory, and reveal a surprising connection between puzzle solving and our ability to recognise a human face. "What's fascinating about a crossword is that it involves many aspects of cognition that we normally study piecemeal, such as memory search and problem solving, all rolled into one ball," says Raymond Nickerson, a psychologist at Tufts University in Medford, Massachusetts. In a paper published earlier this year, he brought profession and hobby together by analysing the mental processes of crossword solving (Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, vol 18, p 217). 1 across: "You stinker!" - audible cry that allegedly marked displacement activity (6) Most of our mental machinations take place pre-consciously, with the results dropping into our conscious minds only after they have been decided elsewhere in the brain. Intuition plays a big role in solving a crossword, Nickerson observes. Indeed, sometimes your pre-conscious mind may be so quick that it produces the goods instantly. © Copyright Reed Business Information Ltd.

Keyword: Attention; Consciousness
Link ID: 16216 - Posted: 01.05.2012

by Zoë Corbyn Scorpions don't need to use their eyes to get a full picture of their surroundings: their body seems to function as a basic eye under ultraviolet light. To test the idea that the waxy cuticle covering a scorpion's body can detect light, Doug Gaffin of the University of Oklahoma in Norman exposed 40 of the arachnids to visible or UV light. He studied their behaviour both with and without "eye-blocks" – pieces of foil placed over their eyes to act like opaque glasses. Wearing their shades, the scorpions did not move around much when illuminated by green light. But under UV light they scuttled around freely with or without the glasses, suggesting they did not rely on their eyes to see. The larva of the fruit fly is thought to be the only other creature whose body can detect light. Carl Kloock at California State University in Bakersfield says the idea complements his own work. He found that the ability of scorpions' cuticles to fluoresce in UV light affects their behaviour at night, since moonlight contains a modest amount of UV. Journal reference: Animal Behaviour, DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.11.014 © Copyright Reed Business Information Ltd

Keyword: Vision; Evolution
Link ID: 16215 - Posted: 01.05.2012

by Jason Daley Over recent months, in José del R. Millán’s computer science lab in Switzerland, a little round robot, similar to a Roomba with a laptop mounted on it (right), bumped its way through an office space filled with furniture and people. Nothing special, except the robot was being controlled from a clinic more than 60 miles away—and not with a joystick or keyboard, but with the brain waves of a paralyzed patient. The robot’s journey was an experiment in shared control, a type of brain-machine interface that merges conscious thought and algorithms to give disabled patients finer mental control over devices that help them communicate or retrieve objects. If the user experiences a mental misfire, Millán’s software can step in to help. Instead of crashing down the stairs, for instance, the robot would recalculate to find the door. Such technology is a potential life changer for the tens of thousands of people suffering from locked-in syndrome, a type of paralysis that leaves patients with only the ability to blink. The condition is usually incurable, but Millán’s research could make it more bearable, allowing patients to engage the world through a robotic proxy. “The last 10 years have been like a proof of concept,” says Justin Sanchez, director of the Neuro­prosthetics Research Group at the University of Miami, who is also studying shared control. “But the research is moving fast. Now there is a big push to get these devices to people who need them for everyday life.” © 2012, Kalmbach Publishing Co.

Keyword: Robotics
Link ID: 16214 - Posted: 01.05.2012

By Alison Abbott Deep depression that fails to respond to any other form of therapy can be moderated or reversed by stimulation of areas deep inside the brain. Now the first placebo-controlled study of this procedure shows that these responses can be maintained in the long term. Neurologist Helen Mayberg at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, followed ten patients with major depressive disorder and seven with bipolar disorder, or manic depression, after an electrode device was implanted in the subcallosal cingulate white matter of their brains and the area continuously stimulated. All but one of twelve patients who reached the two-year point in the study had completely shed their depression or had only mild symptoms. For psychiatrists accustomed to seeing severely depressed patients fail to respond—or fail to maintain a response—to antidepressant or cognitive therapy, these results seem near miraculous. “It’s almost spooky,” says Thomas Schlaepfer, a psychiatrist at the University of Bonn, Germany, who says he has seen similar long-term results in five treatment-resistant depressed patients following deep-brain stimulation (DBS) in the nucleus accumbens brain area. DBS is hardly a quick fix for depression though. Not only does it involve invasive brain surgery, but recovery is usually slow. © 2012 Scientific American

Keyword: Depression
Link ID: 16213 - Posted: 01.05.2012

By C. CLAIBORNE RAY Q. How do deer communicate? Do they have any ability to vocalize? A. As both hunters and zoologists know, deer have many means of communication, and vocalizations are an important part of their repertory. “Deer vocalizations are also notable for their diversity, ranging from doglike ‘alarm’ barks to high-pitched, whistlelike mating bugles,” according to a 2003 review article in the journal Advances in the Study of Behavior. The occasions for deer conversations vary by species, the article says, but include social contact, interactions between mother and young, encounters with predators and especially the complex negotiations involved in mating. An expert on hunting white-tail deer, T. R. Michels, offered a list of deer signals in his “Whitetail Addicts Manual” (Creative Publishing International). Among them are foot stomping, tail flagging, head bobbing, ear twitching, hoof pawing and nose licking; lunges, charges, chases, pokes and antler thrusts; and aggressive sounds he describes as grunt-snorts and grunt-snort-wheezes. There are also alarm snorts and bawls and less disturbing sounds, like social-contact grunts between does. Deer have a variety of glands that produce strongly scented hormonal signals. The vomeronasal organ detects hormones and other chemicals in urine with a characteristic intake of breath called the flehmen sniff. C. CLAIBORNE RAY © 2012 The New York Times Company

Keyword: Animal Communication; Language
Link ID: 16212 - Posted: 01.03.2012

By ANAHAD O'CONNOR Can the right sonata soothe the pain of a medical operation? A growing number of doctors have been using music in clinical settings, believing that it might have analgesic effects on patients — or at least take their minds off an otherwise painful procedure. Scientists only now are seeking to determine whether the notion is more romance than reality. In the most recent study, published in December in The Journal of Pain, 153 people were subjected to increasingly painful shocks on their hands as they listened to music. All the while, they were encouraged to engage in the songs and to identify certain notes and tones. By measuring pupil dilation and brain activity, scientists at the University of Utah found that as the subjects became focused on the melodies, they experienced more and more relief from the pain. The biggest effect was seen on the participants who were initially most anxious. A Swedish study published in 2009 reported similarly encouraging findings: Children who were given “music therapy” after minor surgery required smaller amounts of morphine than those who were not. But a meta-analysis of data on more than 3,600 patients in 51 studies, published in the Cochrane Database, found that the magnitude of the effect was not very large, so the potential usefulness in clinical practice — for now, at least — was “unclear.” THE BOTTOM LINE Listening to music during or after a medical procedure may relieve pain, but more research is needed to determine whether the effect is significant. © 2012 The New York Times Company

Keyword: Pain & Touch
Link ID: 16211 - Posted: 01.03.2012

By RONI CARYN RABIN When a malnourished teenager with anorexia nervosa is admitted to the hospital, weight gain is a top priority — and food is medicine. But doctors mete out meals with caution, providing fewer calories than needed at first because the patients may be so frail that major swings in diet can be life-threatening. The strategy, called “start low, advance slow,” often results in further weight or fluid loss during the first day or two of hospitalization. Now some researchers and health providers, both in the United States and abroad, are challenging the start-low approach, suggesting that many patients could be fed more aggressively as long as they are closely monitored for medical complications. Scientific evidence in support of the start-low method has been scarce. In a study published online in The Journal of Adolescent Health in August, researchers at the University of California, San Francisco, sought to evaluate it more closely, examining weight gain in hospitalized teenagers on a recommended refeeding protocol, in what they believe is the first study of its kind. The study, which involved 35 young people, found that 83 percent on the start-low regimen, who were fed 1,200 calories a day with increases of 200 calories every other day, lost weight. Over all, patients did not regain the newly lost weight until the sixth day in the hospital, on average. © 2012 The New York Times Company

Keyword: Anorexia & Bulimia
Link ID: 16210 - Posted: 01.03.2012

By NICHOLAS BAKALAR Higher blood levels of omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin B, vitamin C, vitamin D and vitamin E are associated with better mental functioning in the elderly, a new study has found. Researchers measured blood levels of these nutrients in 104 men and women, whose average age was 87. The scientists also performed brain scans to determine brain volume and administered six commonly used tests of mental functioning. The study is in the Jan. 24 issue of Neurology. After controlling for age, sex, blood pressure, body mass index and other factors, the researchers found that people with the highest blood levels of the four vitamins scored higher on the cognitive tests and had larger brain volume than those with the lowest levels. Omega-3 levels were linked to better cognitive functioning and to healthier blood vessels in the brain, but not to higher brain volume, which suggests that these beneficial fats may improve cognition by a different means. Higher blood levels of trans fats, on the other hand, were significantly associated with impaired mental ability and smaller brain volume. The lead author, Gene L. Bowman, a neurologist at Oregon Health and Science University, said that the study could not determine whether taking supplements of these nutrients would decrease the risk for dementia. But he added: “What’s the harm in eating healthier? Fish, fruits, vegetables all have these nutrients, and staying away from trans fats is one key thing you can do.” © 2012 The New York Times Company

Keyword: Alzheimers
Link ID: 16209 - Posted: 01.03.2012

By Jennifer LaRue Huget Multiple sclerosis has long been understood to be an autoimmune disease in which the body’s immune system, for reasons poorly understood, responds destructively to antigens in the central nervous system. But research published in December in The Quarterly Review of Biology posits a different way of looking at MS. Angelique Corthals, a forensic anthropologist at the John Jay College of Criminal Justice in New York, suggests that MS may result from problems with the way the body metabolizes lipids, or fats in the blood, which in turn cause inflammation and spark a series of damaging events. Corthals, in her lengthy review and analysis of existing research, notes that MS shares that underlying mechanism with atherosclerosis. (“Sclerosis” refers to hardening or scarring such as the build-up of plaque in arteries and the development of plaques in the brain associated with MS.) She concludes that viewing MS in this light helps explain many mysteries that the autoimmune model leaves unanswered, including the role genetics play in MS risk, the environmental elements or pathogens that may trigger disease onset, and the reasons MS strikes twice as many women as men. (Atherosclerosis affects men more commonly than women; Carthals suggests gender differences in lipid metabolism may play a big role in determining who gets which condition.) Because anti-inflammatory drugs such as statins commonly used to fight cardiovascular disease have also been used to treat symptoms of MS, she writes, such drugs may become part of more comprehensive and effective MS treatments than currently exist. © 1996-2012 The Washington Post

Keyword: Multiple Sclerosis; Neuroimmunology
Link ID: 16208 - Posted: 01.03.2012

By Sarah C.P. Williams, When a rattlesnake shakes its tail, does it hear the rattling? Scientists have long struggled to understand how snakes, which lack external ears, sense sounds. Now, a new study shows that sound waves cause vibrations in a snake’s skull that are then “heard” by the inner ear. “There’s been this enduring myth that snakes are deaf,” says neurobiologist Bruce Young of the University of Massachusetts, Lowell, who was not involved in the new research. “Behavioral studies have suggested that snakes can in fact hear, and now this work has gone one step further and explained how.” In humans, sound waves traveling through the air hit the eardrum, causing the movement of tiny bones and vibrations of tiny hair cells in the inner ear. These vibrations are then translated into nerve impulses that travel to the brain. Snakes have fully formed inner ear structures but no eardrum. Instead, their inner ear is connected directly to their jawbone, which rests on the ground as they slither. Previous studies have shown that vibrations traveling through the ground—such as the footsteps of predators or prey—cause vibrations in a snake’s jawbone, relaying a signal to the brain via that inner ear. It was still unclear, however, whether snakes could hear sounds traveling through the air. So Biologist Christian Christensen of Aarhus University in Denmark took a closer look at one particular type of snake, the ball python (Python regius). Studying them wasn’t easy. “You can’t train snakes to respond to sounds with certain behaviors, like you might be able to do with mice,” says Christensen. Instead, he and his colleagues used electrodes attached to the reptiles’ heads to monitor the activity of neurons connecting the snakes’ inner ears to their brains. © 1996-2012 The Washington Post

Keyword: Hearing; Evolution
Link ID: 16207 - Posted: 01.03.2012

Victoria Colliver, Chronicle Staff Writer Researchers are getting closer to being able to predict who might be more vulnerable to stress even before they experience trauma. A study of Bay Area and New York police academy recruits by researchers at the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, UCSF and New York University is considered one of the first and largest studies to look at biological stress indicators before and after traumatic events. "This study is unique because it looks at people before they've actually been exposed to trauma," said lead author Sabra Inslicht, a psychologist at the San Francisco VA Medical Center and an assistant professor of psychiatry at UCSF. Nearly 300 academy recruits took samples of the waking levels of a stress hormone called cortisol. The results, published in last month's issue of the journal Biological Psychiatry, found that recruits with higher cortisol levels shortly after waking up in the morning were most likely to have stressful reactions to trauma years later as police officers. The new study is part of a larger body of research involving hundreds of recruits from the San Francisco, Oakland, San Jose and New York police departments that has been going on for seven years, said Dr. Charles Marmar, who spent 30 years at UCSF before taking over as chairman of the department of psychiatry at NYU's Langone Medical Center. © 2011 Hearst Communications Inc.

Keyword: Stress; Hormones & Behavior
Link ID: 16206 - Posted: 01.03.2012