By GINA KOLATA IT seems a fairly obvious idea: when science experiments are successful, the results are published in a well-respected journal for all to see and the body of human knowledge expands. But the sad truth about science is that most experiments fail and the hypotheses that seduced researchers turn out not to be true or, at least, the studies provide no evidence that they are true. Are such studies any less important, any less successful? And what happens to them? Generally, if the negative studies are large and the hypotheses well known, they will be published. That happened, for example, with studies of thousands of cellphone users finding no evidence that cellphone radiation predisposes to brain cancer. It also happened with a study published last month finding no evidence that men who had vasectomies are more likely to get prostate cancer. Copyright 2002 The New York Times Company

Keyword: Miscellaneous
Link ID: 2285 - Posted: 07.07.2002

Our bodies may look symmetric from the outside, but inside, organs such as the heart or the liver are tucked or oriented to the left or right. New research suggests that fluid driven by tiny swirling hairs called cilia may activate certain genes in the growing embryo that lay the groundwork for this asymmetry. Based on experiments with mice, some scientists had speculated that cilia nestled in a dimple at the top of the embryo called the node might push fluid down the left side of the embryo, carrying a signal that somehow triggers certain genes to activate. Other scientists doubted the idea. The new experiments suggest that the cilia-driven flow is indeed important. Researchers led by developmental biologist Hiroshi Hamada at the University of Osaka used a pump to reverse the normal leftward flow of fluid over mouse embryos. This caused two key genes normally activated solely on the left side of the body to be expressed on the right side, the team reports in the 4 July issue of Nature. Copyright © 2002 by the American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Keyword: Laterality; Development of the Brain
Link ID: 2284 - Posted: 06.24.2010

Hormone links obesity and insulin resistance in mice, but doubts persist about impact on type 2 diabetes research By Eugene Russo Diabetes researchers have long known about the connection between obesity and insulin resistance, but they have yet to identify the hormonal machinery responsible for that connection. In this Hot Paper, published 18 months ago, investigators appeared to have uncovered a major part of that machinery when they discovered the resistin hormone in mice.1 More recent findings, however, have cast doubt on resistin's relevance in human diabetes. Senior author Mitchell Lazar, director of the University of Pennsylvania Diabetes Center, notes two major factors that helped lead his group to discover resistin. First, based on findings related to leptin, the now infamous hormonal fat-regulator, Lazar knew that fat not only serves to store energy, but also helps communicate with other tissues. Leptin, and other fat-secreted molecules, are proof that fat cells make unique signaling molecules that communicate with other parts of the body. 1. C.M. Steppan et al., "The hormone resistin links obesity to diabetes," Nature, 409:307-12, Jan.18, 2001. The Scientist 16[14]:39, Jul. 8, 2002 © Copyright 2002, The Scientist, Inc. All rights reserved.

Keyword: Obesity
Link ID: 2283 - Posted: 06.24.2010

WASHINGTON - New studies reveal that a learned compensatory response can trigger "drug tolerance," a physiological process central to addiction. Drug tolerance makes people need more and more drug to get the same effect, whether pain relief or a "high." Its newly discovered psychological aspect -- in which a drug-predictive cue primes the body to react "as if" the drug effect is imminent -- might be used to treat addiction more effectively. In short, if drug tolerance can be learned, there is a chance it can be unlearned, reducing or eliminating the tolerance-related cravings and other withdrawal symptoms that can lead addicts to relapse. The findings appear in the July issue of the Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes , which is published by the American Psychological Association (APA). This study used rats, but addiction researchers frequently generalize from rats to humans because "rats, like humans, can become dependent on addictive drugs, and display drug tolerance and drug withdrawal symptoms," says co-author Shepard Siegel, Ph.D., of McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario. © PsycNET 2002 American Psychological Association

Keyword: Drug Abuse; Learning & Memory
Link ID: 2282 - Posted: 06.24.2010

Scientists have discovered a reason why having sex could be bad for your health.The research reveals that hormones are the key to mating insects having a shorter life expectancy. The findings may also give clues as to why the same principle appears to hold true for other creatures - including humans. Mealworm beetles, more commonly bought as food for pet reptiles and birds, were used in the research by Dr Jens Rolff and Dr Michael Siva-Jothy at the University of Sheffield. A hormone released after mating adversely affected an enzyme vital to keep the immune system functioning. The beetles were therefore more susceptible to infection, and less likely to live as long. (C) BBC

Keyword: Sexual Behavior
Link ID: 2281 - Posted: 07.06.2002

Exclusive from New Scientist Print Edition Drugs such as Viagra should work for some women - especially if they have a big G spot. This spot, famed for producing spectacular orgasms, turns out to be awash with the enzymes that these drugs act on. The term G spot, coined by Ernest Gräfenberg in 1950, refers to an area a few centimetres up inside the vagina on the side closest to a woman's stomach (see diagram). Buried in the flesh here are the Skene's glands, the female equivalent of the prostate gland. In men, the prostate produces the watery component of semen. In women, Skene's glands are also thought to produce a watery substance that may explain female "ejaculation". The tissue surrounding these glands, which includes the part of the clitoris that reaches up inside the vagina, swells with blood during sexual arousal. And there's some evidence that nerves in the area produce an orgasm different to one produced by clitoral stimulation. © Copyright Reed Business Information Ltd.

Keyword: Sexual Behavior
Link ID: 2280 - Posted: 06.24.2010

By Larry O'Hanlon, Discovery News — Lizards, it seems, have a fancy for television, when the programming suits their tastes. Australian biologists have found that male Jacky dragons, Amphibolurus muricatus, can get just as riled by videos of aggressive territorial males as by the real thing. In a test to demonstrate that reptiles can perceive video images similar to the way humans can, male Jacky dragons responded to video lizards as if they were the real things. It opens up doors to more research on how reptiles and other animals communicate with one another, as well as how communication evolved among animals. "It's studying lizards, but it's a model system for how behavior evolved," said animal behavior biologist Terry Ord, who recently moved from Macquarie University, in Australia to Indiana University. Ord and his Macquarie University colleagues published their work in the current issue of the journal Animal Behavior. Copyright © 2002 Discovery Communications Inc

Keyword: Aggression; Sexual Behavior
Link ID: 2279 - Posted: 06.24.2010

By ADAM LIPTAK FORT LAUDERDALE, Fla., — The unsolicited Prozac arrived in a hand-addressed manila envelope. It came from a Walgreens drugstore not far from here, and there was a "Dear Patient" form letter inside. "Enclosed you will find a free one month trial of Prozac Weekly," it said. "Congratulations on being one step to full recovery." The mailing infuriated one recipient, a 59-year-old home caregiver who filed a class-action lawsuit this week in state court here. "They're going after me because I have a problem," said the caregiver, who agreed to an interview in her lawyer's office here on the condition that her name be withheld. Copyright 2002 The New York Times Company

Keyword: Depression
Link ID: 2278 - Posted: 06.24.2010

By YUDHIJIT BHATTACHARJEE In the grand story of evolution that scientists have been reconstructing since Charles Darwin's voyage on H.M.S. Beagle, the chapter on mate selection reads something like this: males compete among themselves to attract females, showing off their antlers, bright plumage or other ornaments that signal good health. Females watch the display from the sidelines, aloof and picky, like wealthy patrons at an art exhibition. When a male meets a female's approval, she agrees to court him and finally grants him permission to impregnate her. That account of mate choice, in which males do all the dancing-to-impress and females sit on the judging panel, is being increasingly viewed by scientists as too simplistic — a broad-brush picture that tells only part of the story. Copyright 2002 The New York Times Company

Keyword: Evolution; Sexual Behavior
Link ID: 2277 - Posted: 06.24.2010

NewScientist.com news service A rapid way to create a 3D map of the brain's genetic activity should help researchers pinpoint the neurological underpinnings of autism, schizophrenia and other brain disorders. Desmond Smith of the University of California, Los Angeles and his colleagues developed the technique called "voxelation" to study Parkinson's disease in a mouse model. "We could see mass migrations of gene activity. It was very dramatic," says Smith. The team found that one group of genes shifted their activity away from the striatum - a region known to be highly disrupted by Parkinson's disease. Their analysis also revealed that genes involved with communication between cells seem to figure prominently in the disease. © Copyright Reed Business Information Ltd.

Keyword: Brain imaging; Genes & Behavior
Link ID: 2276 - Posted: 06.24.2010

WINSTON-SALEM, N.C. – Wake Forest University School of Medicine scientists are closing in on why drinking alcohol before bedtime paradoxically improves sleep that evening, but disrupts sleep during the early morning hours. In a presentation at the Research Society on Alcoholism in San Francisco, Dwayne W. Godwin, Ph.D. explained that a key brain region involved in sleep, the thalamus, is "exquisitely sensitive to alcohol." The cells in the thalamus possess an ion channel that behaves differently depending on the amount of alcohol that has been drunk. "Low doses of alcohol increase activity; high doses shut it down," said Godwin, associate professor of neurobiology and anatomy. Copyright: Wake Forest University School of Medicine

Keyword: Drug Abuse; Sleep
Link ID: 2275 - Posted: 06.24.2010

The skull and jawbone of a small, lightly-built individual, discovered at an archeological site in Dmanisi, Georgia, may call into question the prevailing idea that larger brain size was behind the migration of human ancestors out of Africa. An international research team describes their find in the journal Science, published by the American Association for the Advancement of Science. The scientists found a petite new individual, with a small brain, thin brow ridge, short nose, and huge canine teeth, according to co-author David Lordkipanidze of the Georgian Academy of Sciences, in Tbilisi. This was the third specimen found at the site. By comparison, the other two skulls had room for substantially larger brains. All three specimens are approximately 1.75 million years old, making them the largest collection of individuals from any one site older than around 800,000 years. Lordkipanidze and his colleagues have tentatively concluded that the three belong to the same species, Homo erectus, thought to be the first hominid species to leave Africa. The Dmanisi fossils most closely resemble the African version of Homo erectus, called Homo ergaster.

Keyword: Evolution
Link ID: 2274 - Posted: 07.06.2002

Evidence is mounting that sleep – even a nap – appears to enhance information processing and learning. New experiments by NIMH grantee Alan Hobson, M.D., Robert Stickgold, Ph.D., and colleagues at Harvard University show that a midday snooze reverses information overload and that a 20 percent overnight improvement in learning a motor skill is largely traceable to a late stage of sleep that some early risers might be missing. Overall, their studies suggest that the brain uses a night's sleep to consolidate the memories of habits, actions and skills learned during the day. The bottom line: we should stop feeling guilty about taking that "power nap" at work or catching those extra winks the night before our piano recital. Reporting in the July, 2002 Nature Neuroscience, Sara Mednick, Ph.D., Stickgold and colleagues demonstrate that "burnout" – irritation, frustration and poorer performance on a mental task -- sets in as a day of training wears on. Subjects performed a visual task, reporting the horizontal or vertical orientation of three diagonal bars against a background of horizontal bars in the lower left corner of a computer screen.

Keyword: Sleep
Link ID: 2273 - Posted: 06.24.2010

By Warren King Seattle Times medical reporter Huntington's disease for now has no cure. Treatment focuses on its symptoms — drugs to calm involuntary muscle movements and psychiatric problems. But researchers are homing in on a variety of therapies aimed at the underlying causes of the disease. Much attention has been focused on experiments with transplantation of fetal tissue into the brains of Huntington's patients. Small trials have shown improved cognitive function and muscle coordination in a few patients. The tissue is taken from fetuses aborted in the first trimester and implanted in damaged areas of the brain. It yields healthy brain cells to replace those killed by the disease. And the tissue is not rejected by the body, experiments by University of South Florida and French researchers have shown. Copyright © 2002 The Seattle Times Company

Keyword: Huntingtons; Stem Cells
Link ID: 2271 - Posted: 06.24.2010

Kristin Cobb Women have higher rates of obesity and eating disorders than men do, but scientists don't know why. New findings offer clues to the root of sex differences in eating behaviors. The study showed that men's and women's brains react differently to hunger, as well as to satiation. This is the first research to document sex-specific brain activity related to eating, says study author Angelo Del Parigi of the Phoenix branch of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK). The report appears in the June American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. Using positron emission tomography (PET), Del Parigi and his colleagues at NIDDK monitored the brains of 22 men and 22 women. A PET scan identifies areas where there are surges in blood flow that reflect activity. The scientists performed the scans after the participants endured a 36-hour fast and again after they drank a liquid meal to quench their hunger. From Science News, Vol. 162, No. 1, July 6, 2002, p. 4. Copyright ©2002 Science Service. All rights reserved.

Keyword: Obesity; Sexual Behavior
Link ID: 2270 - Posted: 06.24.2010

Embryonic mouse stem cells transformed into neurons in a lab dish and then transplanted into a rat model for Parkinson's disease (PD) form functional connections and reduce disease symptoms, a new study shows. The finding suggests that embryonic stem (ES) cells may ultimately be useful for treating PD and other brain diseases. The study is one of the first to show that ES cells can develop into neurons that function in the brain, according to senior author Ronald McKay, Ph.D., of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS). The report appears in the June 20, 2002, advance online publication of Nature1. A second study in Nature2 , led by Catherine Verfaillie, M.D., at the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis, shows that bone marrow-derived cells called mesenchymal stem cells have many of the characteristics of ES cells. Dr. McKay and his colleagues added a gene called Nurr1 to cultured mouse ES cells and exposed them to a series of growth factors that caused them to develop into neurons. Nurr1 helps neural precursor cells differentiate, or change, into neurons that produce the neurotransmitter dopamine. The loss of dopamine-producing neurons is a central feature of PD. To see if the ES cell-derived neurons would survive and function in animals, the researchers transplanted the neurons into rats that were missing the dopamine-producing cells on one side of their brains. These rats have parkinsonian symptoms on one side of their bodies. A similar group of rats received transplants of ES cells without the Nurr1 gene, and a third group received sham operations.

Keyword: Parkinsons; Stem Cells
Link ID: 2269 - Posted: 06.22.2002

Women suffering from premenstrual syndrome can alleviate their symptoms with a carbohydrate-rich drink, say scientists. Women were given the drink, PMS Escape, twice daily in the five days before their period. The American researchers found that the women, who had mild to moderate symptoms, had less negative mood swings and food cravings after taking the supplement, which increased the brain chemical serotonin. The drink is fruit-flavoured and contains carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals. But the data in the study, published in the International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, has been criticised by Professor of gynaecology John Studd. (C) BBC

Keyword: Hormones & Behavior
Link ID: 2268 - Posted: 06.22.2002

Exclusive from New Scientist Print Edition Therapies that aim to rehabilitate stroke patients may be backfiring. Instead of helping people recover lost speech or movement, they could be making the problems worse. That's the conclusion of researchers who found that people who have had strokes were better able to recall words after they silenced parts of the brain that therapies stimulate. Stroke is caused when a clot forms or a blood vessel ruptures in the brain, cutting off the blood supply and killing neurons within minutes. Although the dead cells are not replaced, people can still recover lost functions such as the ability to recall words. © Copyright Reed Business Information Ltd.

Keyword: Stroke
Link ID: 2267 - Posted: 06.24.2010

Bruce Bower In 1992, Karen Wynn's numbers came in big. The numbers in question were tiny in an absolute sense, but they counted for a lot among investigators of child development. The reason: Wynn claimed to have exposed intuitive arithmetic skills of 5-month-old babies. The young psychologist, having received her doctorate in psychology just 2 years earlier, reported that infants show a facility for adding and subtracting small numbers of items, on the order of 1 + 1 = 2 and 2 – 1 = 1. Her results appeared in a major scientific journal, attracted worldwide media coverage (SN: 8/29/92, p. 132), and inspired a wave of research into what she regards as infants' seemingly innate "number sense." Now at Yale University, Wynn is more convinced than ever that babies, along with many nonhuman animals, carry an evolutionary legacy of basic number skills. She's also aware, however, that a spirited debate has emerged about whether the line of research that she's championed really taps into an inborn counting mechanism in the human brain. Some scientists argue that babies use non-numerical visual cues, such as the area and length of the border around visible items, to make quantitative judgments. These handy perceptual features, which vary along with changes in item number, may eventually serve as building blocks when youngsters really learn to count, between ages 2 and 4, in these researchers' view. From Science News, Vol. 161, No. 25, June 22, 2002, p. 392. Copyright ©2002 Science Service. All rights reserved.

Keyword: Development of the Brain; Intelligence
Link ID: 2265 - Posted: 06.24.2010

Kristin Cobb A protein that links gluttony and weight gain may be a novel target for antiobesity drugs. Mice lacking this protein can indulge in fatty food but remain as slim as mice on a lower-fat diet, a new study reports. The finding suggests a new avenue to help morbidly obese people lose weight. When food is scarce, stockpiling energy in fat cells is a survival advantage. But when food is plentiful, as in industrialized countries, genes that promote fat storage lead to obesity (SN: 4/14/01, p. 238: Available to subscribers at http://www.sciencenews.org/20010414/bob17.asp). The molecular mechanisms that translate extra calories into fat deposition are largely unknown. Now, researchers at Kyoto University in Japan have identified a key pathway in the process. Scientists have long known that the hormone called gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) is secreted into the bloodstream by the small intestine in response to ingested foods, particularly fatty ones. GIP binds to cell-surface receptors on distant fat cells, signaling food intake. From Science News, Vol. 161, No. 25, June 22, 2002, p. 387. Copyright ©2002 Science Service. All rights reserved.

Keyword: Obesity
Link ID: 2264 - Posted: 06.24.2010