By GINA KOLATA After years of telling athletes to drink as much liquid as possible to avoid dehydration, some doctors are now saying that drinking too much during intense exercise poses a far greater health risk. An increasing number of athletes - marathon runners, triathletes and even hikers in the Grand Canyon - are severely diluting their blood by drinking too much water or too many sports drinks, with some falling gravely ill and even dying, the doctors say. New research on runners in the Boston Marathon, published today in The New England Journal of Medicine, confirms the problem and shows how serious it is. The research involved 488 runners in the 2002 marathon. The runners gave blood samples before and after the race. While most were fine, 13 percent of them - or 62 - drank so much that they had hyponatremia, or abnormally low blood sodium levels. Three had levels so low that they were in danger of dying. The runners who developed the problem tended to be slower, taking more than four hours to finish the course. That gave them plenty of time to drink copious amounts of liquid. And drink they did, an average of three liters, or about 13 cups of water or of a sports drink, so much that they actually gained weight during the race. Copyright 2005 The New York Times Company

Keyword: Miscellaneous
Link ID: 7189 - Posted: 04.14.2005

In 2001, a massive stroke left Pete Cornelis all but paralyzed – robbing him of his passion for painting, as well as everyday things like walking and eating. "The only thing I could move on my entire body was my two fingers," he recalls. But thanks to his treatment at The Neurological Institute of New York, part of Columbia University Medical Center, followed by years of hard work, perseverance and extensive physical therapy, Cornelis managed to regain almost all of his lost movement. "I was surprised by how much I had to relearn," he ays. But, "it is absolutely possible to retrain you brain, to re-wire it, and have it learn what the old [damaged brain] parts used to do." His brain had to slowly work to compensate for the areas of his brain that were basically dead and could not be revived. When a stroke occurs, blood flow to part of the brain is interrupted when a blood vessel becomes damaged or blocked. The blood normally brings oxygen and nutrients that the brain cells in the immediate area need to survive. Without the blood the brain cells begin to die and stroke victims lose the functions that were controlled by those brain cells. About 80% of all strokes are ischemic, caused by a blood clot that blocks a blood vessel or artery in the brain. The other 20% are caused by a weakened blood vessel that breaks and bleeds into the brain. This is known as hemorrhagic stroke, and is often fatal. Around 600,000 new strokes, or "brain attacks" are reported each year. (C) ScienCentral, 2000-2005.

Keyword: Stroke; Regeneration
Link ID: 7188 - Posted: 06.24.2010

Two widely used treatments for Alzheimer's disease may not be as effective as previously thought, say researchers at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota. The findings, reported online today in the New England Journal of Medicine suggest that vitamin E does not slow a patient's slide from symptoms of memory loss to Alzheimer's, while benefits from the popular drug donepezil are limited to the first year of treatment. Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's are usually preceded by a fuzzy state between memory loss and dementia, known as mild cognitive impairment. Since most treatments are better at preserving nerve function than restoring it, patients likely to get Alzheimer's are typically treated with drugs that slow nerve degeneration. In recent years, donepezil and vitamin E have become the drugs of choice. That’s because studies have shown donepezil raises levels of a neurotransmitter needed for memory and learning, while vitamin E is an antioxidant that could repair damage to soft tissue from free reactive oxygen – one of the causes of Alzheimer’s. Vitamin E is even used widely as a preventive measure by people with normal brain function. Ronald C. Petersen and his colleagues at the Mayo Clinic evaluated these two compounds with clinical tests of more than 700 people likely to develop Alzheimer's. For 3 years patients were given varying doses of vitamin E and donepezil. Detailed psychological tests on the patients to measure their mental abilities showed a surprising result: Vitamin E did nothing to prevent Alzheimer's. At the end of 12 months, 38 patients in the placebo group had Alzheimer's compared to 33 from the vitamin E group. Meanwhile, only 16 patients who took donepezil got Alzheimer’s. The drug was only effective for a short time, however. At the end of 3 years, the number of Alzheimer’s patients in all three groups did not vary significantly. Copyright © 2005 by the American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Keyword: Alzheimers
Link ID: 7187 - Posted: 06.24.2010

Interpreting the cadences of human speech requires that information be transmitted from the ear to the brain with exquisitely precise timing. Neurons in general are no slackers at transmitting signals, but specialized neurons in the ear known as inner hair cells perform at an even higher level. Two papers published this week offer insights into how these cells respond so speedily. Neurons store neurotransmitters, molecules that serve as the bits and bytes of communication, within small membrane-bound compartments called synaptic vesicles. Upon stimulation, the vesicles fuse with the outer membrane of the neuron and release neurotransmitters that excite the next neuron in line. During signaling, neurons need to constantly replenish their supply of vesicles. Most neurons make new vesicles using bits of recycled cell membrane, a relatively slow process. In a study published online in Nature today, physiologist Claudius Griesinger of University College London and colleagues show that hair cells rev up this process by making vesicles from scratch and storing them in the cytoplasm, instead of culling them from the membrane. The preformed vesicles are then shipped to the presynaptic ribbon, a structure that organizes vesicles near the site of their release. This difference helps maintain a seemingly inexhaustible supply of vesicles while sustaining a vesicle release rate 100 times higher than that of a conventional neuron, say the researchers. Another paper in Nature, by Tobias Moser of the University of Goettingen, Germany, and colleagues, suggests that ribbons enable the release of multiple vesicles in parallel during the initial burst of signaling by a stimulated hair cell. Copyright © 2005 by the American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Keyword: Hearing
Link ID: 7186 - Posted: 06.24.2010

In a study of people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), those who took the drug donepezil were at reduced risk of progressing to a diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) during the first year of the trial, but by the end of the 3-year study there was no benefit from the drug. Vitamin E was also tested in the study and was found to have no effect at any time point in the study when compared with placebo. These findings, from the Memory Impairment Study, are the first to suggest than any agent can delay the clinical diagnosis of AD in people with MCI. The effects of the drug measured in this study “did not provide support for a clear recommendation for the use of donepezil” generally to forestall the diagnosis of AD in people with MCI, the researchers stated in their report, but they did note the potential importance of the findings for some patients. The data, they said, “could prompt a discussion” between clinicians and patients on the possibility of donepezil therapy in certain cases. The findings were reported in the April 14, 2005, online The New England Journal of Medicine by principal investigators Ronald Petersen, Ph.D., M.D., of the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, Leon Thal, M.D., of the University of California, San Diego, and colleagues. The research was funded in part by the National Institute on Aging (NIA) and was conducted as part of the Alzheimer’s Disease Cooperative Study (ADCS), a nationwide clinical trials consortium supported by the NIA, a component of the National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

Keyword: Alzheimers
Link ID: 7185 - Posted: 06.24.2010

ARE you a real grump in the mornings? Do you wake up every day feeling tired, embittered, aggrieved, and all too ready to hit the snooze button? If so, then a new alarm clock could be just for you. The clock, called SleepSmart, measures your sleep cycle, and waits for you to be in your lightest phase of sleep before rousing you. Its makers say that should ensure you wake up feeling refreshed every morning. As you sleep you pass through a sequence of sleep states - light sleep, deep sleep and REM sleep - that repeats approximately every 90 minutes. The point in that cycle at which you wake can affect how you feel later, and may even have a greater impact than how long or little you have slept. Being roused during a light phase means you are more likely to wake up perky. SleepSmart records the distinct pattern of brain waves produced during each phase of sleep, via a headband equipped with electrodes and a microprocessor. This measures electrical activity of the wearer's brain, in much the same way as EEG machines used for medical and research purposes, and communicates wirelessly with a clock unit near the bed. You program the clock with the latest time at which you want to be wakened, and it then duly wakes you during the last light sleep phase before that. © Copyright Reed Business Information Ltd.

Keyword: Sleep
Link ID: 7184 - Posted: 06.24.2010

Antioxidant vitamins from fruits and vegetables have exhibited cholesterol-fighting properties and beneficial effects for heart function. Now a new study suggests that they could provide protection from a stroke by limiting the amount of inflicted brain damage. Paula C. Bickford of the University of South Florida College of Medicine and her colleagues worked with four groups of rats that followed different diets over the course of four weeks. The control group ate regular rat chow, while animals in the other groups ate chow supplemented with one of the following foods: blueberries, spinach or spirulina, a type of algae. At the end of the study period, the researchers induced ischemic strokes--in which a blood clot temporarily cuts of the supply of oxygen to the brain--in the animals. The rats in the three experimental groups all had better outcomes than the control rats did. "I was amazed at the extent of neuro-protection these antioxidant-rich diets provided,” Bickford remarks. “The size of the stroke was 50 to 75 percent less in rats treated with diets supplemented with blueberries, spinach or spirulina before the stroke.” © 1996-2005 Scientific American, Inc

Keyword: Stroke
Link ID: 7183 - Posted: 06.24.2010

BEATA ZOLOVSKA When a mother kills her children, how much does mental illness matter when the mother’s guilt is judged in the courtroom? The case of Andrea Yates, who drowned her five children on June 21, 2001, suggests that in some cases the verdict falls before the trial starts. Although abundant evidence exists to prove that Ms. Yates suffered severe mental illness in the 2 years before and at the time of the tragedy, psychosis and delusional hopelessness were not enough for her to be judged not guilty by reason of insanity in court. The case took an unexpected turn recently when the trial court’s verdict was overturned on appeal. Although the appeals court’s reasoning focused on an error by the testifying forensic psychiatrist, it is a reasonable inference that the court’s ruling was based on the assumption that, other things being equal, the jury was at a tipping point. Given the facts presented, for the jury to have been at a tipping point can be understood as a reflection of a folk psychology whereby people are predisposed by the horror of an act itself to use judgmental heuristics. It is thus no wonder that Andrea Yates’s acts are understood more easily as bad rather than mad, regardless of the fact pattern. The puzzling story of Andrea Yates has now received a much needed recounting from journalist Suzanne O’Malley. "Are You There Alone?" is a heartfelt account of the events that led to the tragic deaths of Noah, John, Paul, Luke, and Mary Yates. O’Malley argues that psychosis with manic features, combined with medical mismanagement, stressful circumstances, and religious obsessions masking delusions, resulted in the tragedy. Her reading of the health records presents Andrea Yates’s treatment as a litany of misdiagnoses, poor treatment, wrong medications, and the role of the health insurance company rather than the clinician as the key decision maker in care.

Keyword: Schizophrenia; Aggression
Link ID: 7182 - Posted: 06.24.2010

A breakdown in brain cell communication may contribute to the most common biochemical cause of mental retardation, University of Florida scientists have discovered. The process is akin to a baseball game gone bad. Imagine if a pitcher were joined by six players simultaneously winding up on the mound. Crouched behind home plate, the single catcher would soon be overwhelmed. Even if the coach sent in teammates to catch the extra balls, confusion would reign on the field. UF researchers, writing in the journal Brain, identified an analogous situation in the brains of mice with a version of the hereditary disorder phenylketonuria, or PKU: A flood of an amino acid found in nearly all foods bombards certain brain cells, drowning out their ability to communicate properly and potentially interfering with normal brain development. Scientists have long known that babies born with PKU lack or are deficient in the enzyme that converts the amino acid phenylalanine into a usable form. The amount of the amino acid in the blood builds to toxic levels, ultimately causing severe brain disorders, including mental retardation and seizures. Researchers have been less clear on precisely how that torrent of phenylalanine interferes with brain function. Copyright © 2004 | University of Florida

Keyword: Development of the Brain
Link ID: 7181 - Posted: 06.24.2010

CLEVELAND - - Parents of autistic children can spend as much as $50,000 a year on therapies for their children. But a new research study from Case Western Reserve University's Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences shows promise of providing effective treatment for autism and other developmental disorders at a far lower cost. Gerald Mahoney, the Verna Houck Motto Professor for Families and Communities and co-director of the Center on Intervention for Children and Families at the Mandel School, and Frida Perales, a research associate, conducted a year-long study of the effectiveness of "responsive teaching" strategies for parents to help their autistic children develop and use pivotal developmental behaviors. Responsive teaching strategies promote parent interactions with their children through strategies such as "follow the child's lead" and "take one turn and wait." The results of their study appear in an article in the April 2005 issue of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics.

Keyword: Autism
Link ID: 7180 - Posted: 04.13.2005

Surprising results from a nationwide clinical trial show that many children age 7 through 17 with amblyopia (lazy eye) may benefit from treatments that are more commonly used on younger children. Treatment improved the vision of many of the 507 older children with amblyopia studied at 49 eye centers. Previously, eye care professionals often thought that treating amblyopia in older children would be of little benefit. The study results, funded by the National Eye Institute (NEI), part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), appear in the April issue of Archives of Ophthalmology. “Doctors can now feel confident that traditional treatments for amblyopia will work for many older children, said Paul A. Sieving, M.D., Ph.D., director of the NEI. “This is important because it is estimated that as many as three percent of children in the United States have some degree of vision impairment due to amblyopia. Many of these children do not receive treatment while they are young,” he said. Amblyopia is a leading cause of vision impairment in children and usually begins in infancy or childhood. It is a condition resulting in poor vision in an otherwise healthy eye due to unequal or abnormal visual input while the brain is developing in infancy and childhood. The most common causes of amblyopia are crossed or wandering eye (strabismus) or significant differences between the eyes in refractive error, such as, astigmatism, farsightedness, or nearsightedness.

Keyword: Vision; Development of the Brain
Link ID: 7179 - Posted: 06.24.2010

A possible link between lack of sleep (insomnia) and obesity has been traced to hypocretin/orexin cells in the hypothalamus region of the brain that are easily excited and sensitive to stress, Yale School of Medicine researchers report in the April issue of Cell Metabolism. "If these neurons are over-activated by environmental or mental stress in daily situations, they may support sustained arousal, triggering sleeplessness, leading to overeating," said lead author Tamas Horvath, associate professor in the Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences (Ob/Gyn) and Neurobiology at Yale School of Medicine. "The more stress you have, the lower the threshold becomes for exciting these hypocretin neurons." Horvath and co-author Xiao-Bing Gao, assistant professor in Ob/Gyn, studied hypocretin/orexin neurons in mice using electrophysiology and electron microscopy. They found a unique, previously un-described organization of inputs on hypocretin neurons in which excitatory nerve junctions outnumber inhibitory contacts by almost 10 fold. Stressors such as fasting further excite these neurons.

Keyword: Obesity; Sleep
Link ID: 7178 - Posted: 04.13.2005

By HARRIET BROWN Christine Stanley will never forget the call. Two weeks after her daughter Emily started kindergarten, the teacher phoned in a panic. Emily would not color, sing or participate in any classroom activities; in fact, she would not say a word to anyone. It was not the first time Christine had received such a call. Emily had not talked at preschool, either. She did not make eye contact with store clerks or talk to nurses at the pediatrician's office. She ran off the playground if another child approached. Mrs. Stanley asked her sister, a special education teacher, what she thought. Mrs. Stanley had to explain the problem because at home and with family Emily's behavior was perfectly normal. Her sister mentioned something called selective mutism, but quickly said that couldn't apply to Emily. "She told me, 'Those children are emotionally disturbed and have been abused,' " Mrs. Stanley recalled. But once she started reading about the condition, she said, "I knew it really was selective mutism." Experts say that Emily's story is typical of children with selective mutism. At home, they behave like typical children, but in social situations, especially at school, they are silent and withdrawn. They might talk to grandparents but not to other relatives; they might whisper to one other child, or talk to no one. Some do not point, nod or communicate in any other way. Copyright 2005 The New York Times Company

Keyword: Language; Development of the Brain
Link ID: 7177 - Posted: 04.12.2005

Work will aid neural-network modeling, studies of learning and disease A simple, elegant method could enable scientists to predict how groups of neurons respond to one another and synchronize their activity, report a group of investigators at Carnegie Mellon University. Their work, in press with "Physical Review Letters," ultimately could help scientists understand how neurons network with one another in learning and disease. The research was conducted at the Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition (CNBC), a joint initiative between Carnegie Mellon and the University of Pittsburgh. "Synchronization is important for information coding and storage in the brain," said Nathan Urban, an assistant professor of biological sciences at the Mellon College of Science and a member of the CNBC. The implications of this work for understanding human development and disease are far-reaching according to Urban, because some types of synchronized nerve activity lead to learning, while others can trigger disabling disorders like epilepsy. Specifically, the study investigators developed a method to calculate the phase-resetting curve (PRC) of living neurons. Like a translation key, a PRC dictates how a given neuron will change its routine firing pattern in response to input from other neurons. "You can think of neurons firing like people clapping after a performance. People don't start out clapping in unison, but then someone sets a beat and everyone follows it. Populations of neurons with similar PRCs can work in the same manner, whereby steady outside input effectively drives them to synchronize their firing," Urban said.

Keyword: Biological Rhythms
Link ID: 7176 - Posted: 04.12.2005

By Gregory M. Lamb | Staff writer of The Christian Science Monitor Most people think of placebos as harmless "sugar pills" given in clinic trials to some participants so that medical researchers can gauge the effects of the real drug on others. But in some trials, the "placebo effect" proves to be as strong as that of the drug. Consistently 30 percent or more of the subjects given placebos will show some improvement by taking the dummy pills. So over the decades a small band of researchers has taken a hard look at those pills. Are they really effective? Should they play a role in medical therapy? A landmark study in 2001 concluded that they weren't useful. It "found little evidence in general that placebos had powerful clinical effects," the New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM) reported. But that hardly put the matter to rest as new studies emerged. A March article in The New Scientist summed up the problem: It listed the placebo effect as one of "13 things that do not make sense" to science. Today the definition of placebo effect has broadened beyond dosing with inert pills to include questions about whether healing is still in part an "art" and issues such as how the relationship between doctors and patients affects treatment outcomes. In its last fiscal year, the National Institutes of Health approved 14 clinical studies that aim to better measure and understand the placebo effect. Some of the most exciting work for scientists has come when they have scanned the brain and measured actual biochemical effects of placebos at work. Copyright © 2005 The Christian Science Monitor.

Keyword: Pain & Touch
Link ID: 7175 - Posted: 06.24.2010

Abstract: This paper presents an evolutionary argument for the role of dreams in the development of human cognitive processes. While a theory by Revonsuo (2000) proposes that dreams allow for threat rehearsal and therefore provide an evolutionary advantage, the goal of this paper is to extend this argument by commenting on other fitness-enhancing aspects of dreams. Rather than a simple threat rehearsal mechanism, it is argued that dreams reflect a more general virtual rehearsal mechanism that is likely to play an important role in the development of human cognitive capacities. This paper draws on current work in cognitive neuroscience and philosophy of mind in developing the argument. Although Freud (1900) proposed that dreaming and, specifically, the meaningful content of dreams are related to mental functioning, the tenuous and misunderstood nature of dreams has made the proposition of empirically providing support for, or falsifying, this claim very problematic. The inability to study the effects of dreams on mental functioning has forced many researchers to view dreams as the result of random neural activity (e.g., the activation-synthesis hypothesis; Hobson and McCarley, 1977). If postulations regarding the random nature of dreams are indeed true, then it becomes challenging to construct a theory of how the phenomenology of the dream state could serve a functional role and be better understood through an evolutionary analysis. However, recent research, to be discussed in this paper, which takes into account the physiological mechanisms underlying sleep and dreams, the content of dreams, and the environmental conditions of selection, points toward the natural selection of dreaming as a state of consciousness which has persisted across the development of the human species. This tends to suggest that the dream state was selected for as an adaptation which increases overall fitness.

Keyword: Sleep
Link ID: 7174 - Posted: 04.12.2005

Learning and memory are processes that link experience with behavior and therefore play central roles in our daily experience. That there exists a physical basis for these processes seems at first hard to imagine--except for the fact that physical disruptions in the brain, such as stroke or disease, can make them go wrong. This week, researchers report that by making targeted genetic disruptions that disable a key neurotransmitter receptor in the fruit fly, they have uncovered an important clue to the physiological mechanisms at work in learning and memory. The subject of the study was the so-called NMDA receptor--a neurotransmitter receptor possessing special properties that could make it especially useful in learning and memory. In particular, past work has shown that NMDA receptors can respond in a special way to concurrent events on both sides of a synapse. Acting in this way as "coincidence detectors," NMDA receptors may help neurons form stronger or weaker connections with each other depending on whether they are repeatedly stimulated together. Neuroscientists strongly suspect that this process--called synaptic plasticity--of modulating the strength of synaptic connections on the basis of experience forms an elemental, neuron-level basis for learning and memory. In the new work, the researchers sought to overcome technical hurdles that have stood in the way of understanding when and how NMDA receptors function in learning and memory. The research team, led by Tim Tully of Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory and Ann-Shyn Chiang of National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan, first used a genetic mutation to show that NMDA receptors are required for associative, or Pavlovian, learning in the fruit fly; they then went on to show that these receptors are not just passively participating but are in fact actively needed for both associative learning and long-term memory.

Keyword: Learning & Memory
Link ID: 7173 - Posted: 04.12.2005

CHICAGO – Deep brain stimulation of two different areas of the brain appears to improve problems with uncontrolled movements (dyskinesia) in patients with Parkinson disease (PD), according to an article in the April issue of Archives of Neurology, one of the JAMA/Archives journals. Deep brain stimulation with electrical impulses delivered to structures deep within the brain is being intensively investigated for the management of advanced Parkinson disease, according to background information in the article. Although a number of studies have shown that stimulation of two different areas of the brain, the globus pallidus interna (GPi) and the subthalmic nucleus (STN), can be achieved safely and effectively, STN has been thought to be the preferred target. At the same time, the authors note, there does seem to be some evidence that the STN is more vulnerable during surgery and that STN patients may have more postoperative problems. Valerie C. Anderson, Ph.D., of the Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, and colleagues compared 23 patients with Parkinson disease and problems with medication-induced uncontrolled movement who were randomly assigned to implantation of deep brain stimulators in either the GPi or the STN areas of the brain. Patients' Parkinson symptoms were evaluated with and without medication using a standard rating scale at three, six and 12 months after surgery.

Keyword: Parkinsons
Link ID: 7172 - Posted: 06.24.2010

St. Paul, Minn. – A new study has found no link between use of cell phones and the risk of developing a brain tumor. The study is published in the April 12 issue of Neurology, the scientific journal of the American Academy of Neurology. The Danish study questioned 427 people with brain tumors and 822 people without brain tumors about their cell phone use. The study found no increased risk for brain tumors related to cell phone use, frequency of use, or number of years of use. “These results are in line with other large studies on this question, including a recently published large-scale, population-based study by the Swedish Interphone Study Group,” said study author Christoffer Johansen, PhD, DMSc, MD, of the Danish Cancer Society in Copenhagen. “There have been a few studies that found an increased risk of brain tumors with cell phone use, but those studies have been criticized for problems with the study design.” For 27 people with brain tumors and 47 people without brain tumors, researchers obtained phone records from cell phone companies to document the amount and length of calls and compare the actual calls to what participants reported. Those results found that people accurately remembered the number of calls they made, but did not accurately remember the length of those calls. But there were no differences between the two groups on how well they portrayed their cell phone use. Johansen said that finding minimizes the possibility of what researchers call “recall bias,” or the chance that people with brain tumor may exaggerate or underestimate their past cell phone use.

Keyword: Miscellaneous
Link ID: 7171 - Posted: 06.24.2010

Sarasota, FL - Smell and taste play essential roles in our daily lives. The chemical senses serve as important warning systems, alerting us to the presence of potentially harmful situations or substances, including gas leaks, smoke, and spoiled food. Flavors and fragrances are also important in determining what foods we eat and the commercial products we use. The pleasures derived from eating are mainly based on the chemical senses. Thousands of Americans experience loss of smell or taste each year resulting from head trauma, sinus disease, normal aging and neurological disorders, such as brain injury, stroke and Alzheimer's disease. By providing a better understanding of the function of chemosensory systems, scientific and biomedical research is leading to improvements in the diagnoses and treatment of smell and taste disorders. Some new findings to be presented at the meeting include: Newborn Sense of Smell May Save Life -- Odorization of the incubator prevents apneas in premature infants. Sperm Are Attracted by Chemicals -- Mechanisms of sperm navigation in turbulent flow. Human pheromone receptors -- De-orphaning, functional characterization and cAMP signalling of five human V1R-like receptors. Genetic Odorprints May Use Peptides -- Encoding immune system signals by the mammalian nose: The scent of genetic compatibility. Reduced Selection for Human Odor Receptor Genes -- A genomic perspective on the evolution of olfaction in primates.

Keyword: Chemical Senses (Smell & Taste)
Link ID: 7170 - Posted: 04.12.2005