By Gwen Ericson In these brain sections of neonatal mice exposed to ethanol, mice deficient in AC1 and AC8 (right) exhibit much more neurodegeneration than normal mice, as indicated by the black material in the dying neurons. Can you blame your genes if you can't handle your liquor? A new study conducted at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis may pave the way to finding out. Researchers found that the brain's response to alcohol is partially under the influence of two genes. The genes, studied in both adult and newborn mice, were found to affect sensitivity to alcohol intoxication, interest in alcohol consumption and risk of developmental brain damage from alcohol. "Now that we understand that these genes are involved in neural processes affected by alcohol, we think they will be good candidates to look at in the human population," says Louis Muglia, M.D., Ph.D., associate professor of pediatrics, of molecular biology and pharmacology and of obstetrics and gynecology. "It will be interesting to see if there are human variants of the genes associated with either fetal alcohol syndrome or addictive behaviors in adults." To uncover the genes' effect, the research team — led by Muglia, also a pediatric endocrinologist at St. Louis Children's Hospital — inactivated the two genes in mice. In newborn mice with the genetic inactivation, ethanol (the alcohol used in beer, wine and spirits) caused significantly more neurodegeneration than it did in normal newborn mice. In adult mice with the genetic inactivation, the sedative effect of ethanol lasted up to twice as long. Further, when ethanol was freely available, adult mice with the inactivation drank much less ethanol than normal animals. The researchers report their findings in two articles appearing in the March 2 and April 20 issues of the Journal of Neuroscience. James W. Maas, predoctoral trainee, is first author on both studies.

Keyword: Drug Abuse; Genes & Behavior
Link ID: 7473 - Posted: 06.24.2010

By NICHOLAS WADE Some male prairie voles are devoted fathers and faithful partners, while others are less satisfactory on both counts. The spectrum of behavior is shaped by a genetic mechanism that allows for quick evolutionary changes, two researchers from Emory University report in today's issue of Science. The mechanism depends on a highly variable section of DNA involved in controlling a gene. The Emory researchers who found it, Elizabeth A. D. Hammock and Larry J. Young, say they have detected the same mechanism embedded in the sequence of human DNA but do not yet know how it may influence people's behavior. Voles, not to be confused with the burrowing, hill-making mole, are mouselike rodents with darker coats and fatter tails. The control section of their DNA expands and contracts in the course of evolution so that members of a wild population of voles, the Emory researchers have found, will carry sections of many different lengths. Male voles with a long version of the control section are monogamous and devoted to their pups, whereas those with shorter versions are less so. People have the same variability in their DNA, with a control section that comes in at least 17 lengths detected so far, Dr. Young said. Copyright 2005 The New York Times Company

Keyword: Sexual Behavior; Genes & Behavior
Link ID: 7472 - Posted: 06.10.2005

La Jolla, Calif.- The mysterious, highly infectious prions, which cause the severe destruction of the brain that characterizes "mad cow disease" and several human brain degenerative disorders, can be rendered harmless in the laboratory by a slight alternation of the three-dimensional conformation or shape of the prion protein's structure. The discovery, which opens up new directions for researchers studying the currently untreatable prion diseases in humans and animals, is reported in this week's Nature by Salk Institute scientist Roland Riek and colleagues, along with collaborators in France and Switzerland. Riek and his colleagues used a fungus as a model system because its prions are easier to isolate and work with than are the prions from humans and other mammals. "It's a fantastic system to study the structural components of prions and measure infectivity," Riek said. "This discovery is very interesting from a basic scientific point of view because it shows that a specific conformation of the prion protein is the infectious entity, and also that we can easily destroy the prion's infectivity by altering its shape," said Riek. "We now need to find out if this is also the case in mammalian prions."

Keyword: Prions
Link ID: 7471 - Posted: 06.10.2005

A discovery that may someday help to explain human social behavior and disorders such as autism has been made in a species of pudgy rodents by researchers funded, in part, by the National Institute’s of Health’s (NIH) National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) and National Center for Research Resources (NCRR). The researchers traced social behavior traits, such as monogamy, to seeming glitches in DNA that determines when and where a gene turns on. The length of these repeating sequences — once dismissed as mere junk DNA — in the gene that codes for a key hormone receptor determined male-female relations and parenting behaviors in a species of voles. Drs. Larry Young and Elizabeth Hammock, Emory University, report on their findings in the mouse-like animals native to the American Midwest in the June 10, 2005 Science. The discovery is the latest in a two decades-old scientific quest for the neural basis of familial behavior begun at the NIMH Intramural Research Program in the mid l980s by now NIMH director Thomas Insel, M.D. By l993, his team had discovered that the distribution of brain receptors that bind to the hormone vasopressin differed dramatically between monogamous and polygamous vole species and accounted for their divergent lifestyles. Yet, how such behavioral differences could have evolved in animals that otherwise appear almost identical remained a mystery.

Keyword: Sexual Behavior
Link ID: 7470 - Posted: 06.24.2010

By Alison Drain — Video games, which reveal disconnects between a set of young television addicts and their elders, could bridge a generation gap. While Mortal Combat, Grand Theft Auto, or Halo may be foreign to aging generations, a new study out of Washington University in St. Louis and the University of Toronto suggests that video games like these promote a kind of mental "expertise" that could prove to be useful in the non-virtual world - potentially in rehabilitation and for the elderly. Alan Castel, Ph.D., Washington University post doctorate fellow in psychology in Arts & Sciences, conducted a study to examine how video games can lead to a degree of expertise in certain domains, and how that might influence video game players' visual search patterns. Castel's research compares twenty college-aged, expert video game players, those who log more than ten — and upwards of 20 — hours of game time per week, to non-players, to determine how video game specialization influences human visual attention capacity and our environmental stimuli search patterns. Castel found, in short, that gamers showed a 20% reduction in response times as opposed to non-gamers, averaging reactions 100 milliseconds speedier than non-players'.

Keyword: Intelligence
Link ID: 7469 - Posted: 06.24.2010

Howard Hughes Medical Institute researchers have provided the first detailed look at the core structure of the abnormal protein filaments found in at least 20 devastating diseases, ranging from Alzheimer's to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, the human version of “mad cow” disease. The images reveal that the filaments form a short zipper that is closed and stuck. To get a more realistic picture of what the fibrils look like, however, one should picture a towering stack of zippers, each of which is tightly bonded to the one below. The first atomic details of the interconnected protein segments were reported in the June 9, 2005, issue of Nature. In each disease, a different protein transforms into the misfolded threads known as amyloid fibrils. Scientists believe that the various proteins share a common underlying feature that explains how they assemble into the persistent fibrils that can accumulate in the brain and other tissues. "To do something about these diseases, you have be able to see the parts at the atomic level," said senior author David Eisenberg, a Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) investigator at the University of California, Los Angeles. "Only then can you design an intervention." The common trait of these different proteins was discovered more than thirty years ago. But even the most advanced technologies have been unable to capture anything more than a fuzzy image. © 2005 Howard Hughes Medical Institute.

Keyword: Alzheimers
Link ID: 7468 - Posted: 06.24.2010

By ANDREW POLLACK A federal judge has denied a request by two people with Parkinson's disease that he order Amgen to continue giving them a drug they used in a clinical trial that the company discontinued. The lawsuit raised questions about the rights of patients in clinical trials. The patients accused Amgen, the world's largest biotechnology company, of treating them as "mere guinea pigs" and argued that the company had a legal and moral obligation to continue the treatment, which they said had eased their symptoms. But Judge P. Kevin Castel of United States District Court in Manhattan ruled Monday that Amgen was under no contractual obligation to continue supplying the drug. He said that the informed consent forms signed by the patients before participating in the trial explicitly acknowledged Amgen's right to terminate it. While it is not illogical for participants in a trial to assume the company would continue testing the drug, Judge Castel wrote in a 21-page opinion, "that is a far cry from establishing a contract by which Amgen bargained away the freedom to terminate the research trials in its sole discretion." Alan Milstein, the lawyer representing the patients, said he was considering options, including an appeal. Last September, Amgen stopped giving the drug, called glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, or G.D.N.F., to all clinical trial participants, about four dozen people. The company said the drug had not proved meaningfully better than a placebo and might even be dangerous. Copyright 2005 The New York Times Company

Keyword: Parkinsons; Trophic Factors
Link ID: 7467 - Posted: 06.08.2005

University of Queensland researchers have teamed up with Tibetan Buddhist monks to uncover clues to how meditation can affect perception. Olivia Carter and Professor Jack Pettigrew from UQ's Vision, Touch and Hearing Research Centre, as well as colleagues from the University of California Berkeley, found evidence that skills developed by the monks during meditation can strongly influence attention and consciousness. With the support of His Holiness the Dalai Lama, 76 monks participated in the study, which was carried out at or near their mountain retreats in the Himalaya, Zanskar and Ladakhi Ranges of India. Ms Carter said the study was aimed at gaining an insight into how visual perception is regulated within the brain. She said the research investigated the extent that certain types of trained meditative practice can influence the conscious experience of visual perceptual rivalry, which is what happens when someone has two different images shown to each eye, or is shown an ambiguous image such as a picture that can look like two faces or a vase. "Typically this results in a switching between the two images, but in the case of one type of meditation, the monks reported a perceptual dominance of one of the images," Ms Carter said.

Keyword: Attention; Vision
Link ID: 7466 - Posted: 06.08.2005

(Portland, Ore.)—Usually when you give up something, there’s a price to pay. Not so in the case of the Australian Bynoe’s gecko. This line of all-female geckos doesn’t need sex or a male to reproduce and, contrary to expectations, these “Wonder Woman” geckos can run farther and faster than their sexually reproducing relatives. The research findings are published in the journal Physiological and Biochemical Zoology (Vol. 78, 3, May/June 2005) by Michael Kearney, Rebecca Wahl and Kellar Autumn. “This is extraordinary,” said Autumn, associate professor of biology at Lewis & Clark College and member of the research team. “The traditional theory is that when a species gives up sex and reproduces through cloning, the offspring will have reduced performance.” Parthenogenetic creatures are all-female species. Their “clonal” way of reproducing means that a mother’s babies are genetically identical to her. A further twist to the story is that many parthenogentic species, including the Bynoe’s gecko, evolved when two species crossed, or hybridized, said Michael Kearney. He is a postdoctoral research fellow in the Centre for Environmental Stress and Adaptation Research at the University of Melbourne in Australia. Kearney’s interest in geckos started during his undergraduate years in Australia. As a Fulbright Graduate Fellow, Kearney studied with Autumn at Lewis & Clark College. “This makes them a bit like mules, which are a cross between a horse and a donkey,” said Kearney. “Mules are very robust animals, but they cannot reproduce.” Kearney’s research suggested that the hybrid forms of Bynoe’s geckos could not only reproduce through parthenogenesis, but were “super tough,” just like a mule. Copyright © Lewis & Clark College 2005

Keyword: Sexual Behavior; Evolution
Link ID: 7465 - Posted: 06.24.2010

CINCINNATI -- A new Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center study links regions of two chromosomes to susceptibility for a type of autism characterized by regression in development. Developmental regression can include the loss of previously acquired language, social skills or both. Moreover, the study is the first to identify involvement of chromosome 21 in this type of autism. This may explain the increased prevalence of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) among children with Down syndrome, who have an extra copy of chromosome 21 and are 10 times more likely to have an ASD than the general population. The findings represent "the important first step in identifying genetic variants that may contribute to susceptibility to this specific type of ASD," says Cindy Molloy, M.D., lead author of the study. Dr. Molloy is a physician at Cincinnati Children's in the Center for Epidemiology and Biostatistics and in the division of developmental disabilities. The study is published in the online edition of the journal Molecular Psychiatry. Dr. Molloy and colleagues in the division of human genetics examined a national database and DNA bank of hundreds of families with ASD. They identified 32 pairs of siblings, one trio of siblings and one pair of cousins who showed definite evidence of regression at the age of approximately 18 to 24 months. They confirmed previous evidence for linkage with ASD on chromosome 7 and found new evidence for susceptibility on chromosome 21 in this subset of ASD families.

Keyword: Autism
Link ID: 7464 - Posted: 06.08.2005

Michael Hopkin It might sound unlikely, but men looking at explicit pictures of two naked men with a naked woman have been shown to produce higher-quality sperm than those watching pornographic images featuring women only. Although this seems to go against common perceptions about male sexual preferences, it is consistent with the theory of sperm competition, says study leader Leigh Simmons of the University of Western Australia, Perth. This states that males (of many species, including humans) should produce better sperm when faced with a female who has other mates, because this stimulates them to boost their chance of procreation. The findings may help fertility clinics to obtain the best possible sperm samples from their clients, by providing specialized images of intercourse for men to view. This might help prospective fathers maximize their fertility, Simmons suggests. Though he adds that some women may disapprove of their partner viewing such material. The report, published online by Biology Letters1, also suggests that men who keep their mobile telephone near to their testes may be harming the quality of their sperm. Before viewing the explicit photos, volunteers in the study were asked to complete a lifestyle questionnaire including details of their alcohol intake, smoking and telephone use. Those who kept a phone in a pocket or clipped to their belt seemed to show lower levels of sperm motility, the researchers note. But experts caution that it is hard to interpret this information, because the study was not designed to look at this effect. ©2005 Nature Publishing Group

Keyword: Sexual Behavior; Evolution
Link ID: 7463 - Posted: 06.24.2010

Is this the ultimate excuse for poor performance in bed? “Sorry, darling,” the man says, just before falling asleep. “It’s your genes.” According to a study published this week, up to 45% of the differences between women in their ability to reach orgasm can be explained by their genes. Despite decades of surveys and conjecture about the role of culture, upbringing and biology in female sexual function, from Freud in 1905 to the Hite report in 1976, this is the first study of the role of a woman’s genes. Its findings suggest there is an underlying biological basis to a woman’s ability to achieve orgasm. Whether that basis is anatomical, physiological or psychological remains uncertain, says Tim Spector of the twin research unit at St Thomas’ Hospital in London, UK, who carried out the study. “But it is saying that it is not purely cultural, or due to peer pressure, or to differences in upbringing or religion,” he says. “There are wide differences between women and a lot of these differences are due to genes.” Spector’s team asked more than 6000 female twins to fill out a confidential questionnaire about how often they achieved orgasm during intercourse and masturbation. They received 4037 complete replies, which included answers from 683 pairs of non-identical twins and 714 pairs of identical twins. The women’s ages ranged from 19 to 83, and about 3% were lesbian or bisexual. © Copyright Reed Business Information Ltd.

Keyword: Sexual Behavior; Genes & Behavior
Link ID: 7462 - Posted: 06.24.2010

Poor nutrition in the womb may remodel the brain circuitry of newborn babies and predispose them to become obese in later life, research in mice suggests. The findings may help doctors to prevent the onset of obesity in susceptible infants who are born undernourished, say the researchers. “Nutritional restriction during fetal life is not uncommon even in modern Western society,” says Norimasa Sagawa at Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan, one of the researchers. “The important point is that after such nutritional stress during fetal life those (children) are exposed to high-calorie and high-fat diet during their later life.” A combination that may be a recipe for obesity. Previous research has found that babies born to malnourished mothers are more likely to develop heart disease and diabetes in later life. These small babies have a phase of “catch-up” growth, where within their first months they grow more quickly than their bigger born counterparts, eventually reaching equal size. During catch-up, they also show elevated levels of the appetite-regulating hormone leptin. This is secreted by fat cells and acts to diminish appetite when reserves are high. These children may have been pre-programmed with a “thrifty phenotype”, a term coined by David Barker at the University of Southampton, UK, and his colleagues. They reasoned that fetuses who sense food scarcity in the womb set their bodies to store more fat, more efficiently. But it was unknown exactly how this programming worked. To investigate the mechanism behind this, a team led by Shigeo Yura, also at Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, gave pregnant mice different feeding regimes – normal and underfed. © Copyright Reed Business Information Ltd

Keyword: Obesity
Link ID: 7461 - Posted: 06.24.2010

By JANE E. BRODY When a celebrity writes about experiencing a health problem, especially an emotional disorder that severely disrupts feelings of self-confidence and competence, it is bound to receive considerable public attention. And so, I hope that Brooke Shields's new book "Down Came the Rain" (Hyperion, $23.95) about her recent battle with a serious postpartum depression will call attention to this common but underdiagnosed and undertreated problem. Ten to 20 percent of women experience a serious depression within weeks or months of giving birth, but fewer than one woman in five is treated for it. Yet failure to get needed help can prolong the misery, resulting in a battle with depression that can last a year or more and create havoc in a household. Ms. Shields, too, let far too many weeks pass - weeks that found her hiding in her bed, barely able to care for herself or the child she struggled for years to bear - before she finally sought professional help. Here's her message to women who find themselves surprised and overwhelmed by a postpartum mood disorder: "Do not waste time! Get help right away. Postpartum depression is extremely treatable, and there are many ways to cope with and get through it. And remember: postpartum depression is beyond your control. Having it does not mean you are not a good mother or that you are crazy. The most important thing is that you don't wait for it to pass." Copyright 2005 The New York Times Company

Keyword: Depression
Link ID: 7460 - Posted: 06.07.2005

Although morphine is well known as a highly effective analgesic, its clinical utility is severely limited by the development of drug tolerance, the requirement for increasing doses to maintain analgesic effect, and the development of physical dependence. In the June 7 issue of Current Biology, researchers report a new study showing that the administration of a drug cocktail containing morphine along with small doses of two versions of methadone, a related opioid drug, significantly reduced both tolerance and dependence in test animals. The work is reported by Li He and Jennifer Whistler of the Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center and the University of California, San Francisco. The analgesic effects of morphine arise through the interaction of the drug with a specialized protein on the surface of cells, the mu opioid peptide receptor, or "MOP" receptor. MOP receptors are also activated by other opioid drugs and by endogenous opioids, such as endorphins. However, morphine is unique in that unlike other opioids, it does not cause the MOP receptor to be internalized into the cell's interior after activation. It is thought that the activated receptor's persistence at the cell surface leads to a compensatory overactivation of a particular signaling pathway in the cell--a signaling imbalance that is a hallmark of opiate tolerance and dependence. This suggests that the promotion of MOP-receptor internalization might prevent such cellular signaling imbalances, and indeed past work from Whistler indicated that mutant versions of the receptor that are more readily internalized were associated with reduced levels of morphine tolerance in mice.

Keyword: Pain & Touch; Drug Abuse
Link ID: 7459 - Posted: 06.07.2005

MAIRI MACLEOD WOULD YOU feel happier if you could get away with spending less time at work? Most of us might assume the answer is yes - but faced with the reality of this, would we actually achieve greater happiness? Consider reactions to the Working Time Directive, a piece of EU legislation which states that a person should not work more than 48 hours per week. Last month, the European Parliament voted to scrap the opt-out clause, so that all must abide by the directive. Presumably well-intentioned, at first glance this seems like a good thing - not having to spend all our time slogging in the office is bound to make us happier, isn't it? But there has been a volley of protest, not just from businesses but also from individuals who want the right to work more. We all want to be happy, but seem reluctant to relax and spend time doing things for enjoyment alone. So what's going on? In his new book Happiness, the Science Behind Your Smile, evolutionary psychologist Daniel Nettle of Newcastle University argues that we can explain this conundrum by looking at it in terms of how the pursuit of happiness helps human beings to survive and reproduce. "If you ask people what they want from life and what they like, you get two entirely different sets of answers," says Nettle. "People may like to take a walk in the park, play with their kids and so on, but what they want might be to get that promotion, earn more money and buy a bigger house in the suburbs." But, as too many of us will admit, once we have attained these things, we don't get happier: we just want more." ©2005 Scotsman.com

Keyword: Evolution; Emotions
Link ID: 7458 - Posted: 06.24.2010

Rhesus monkeys possess a natural ability to match the number of voices they hear to the number of individuals they expect to see vocalizing, new research concludes. The results indicate that abstract representation of numbers is possible in the absence of language. Writing in the June 7 Current Biology, Elizabeth Brannon of Duke University and her colleagues describe their experiment. The researchers played the monkeys "coo" calls made by either two or three unfamiliar conspecifics. They then let the monkeys watch their choice of video images showing either two or three animals. The vast majority of the monkeys selected video images that corresponded to the number of individuals heard on the audio sample. Each monkey was tested only once and did not receive a reward. This allowed the team to observe the animal's spontaneous behavior, as opposed to skills learned over the course of evaluation. Brannon notes that in the wild, a monkey could conceivably hear various animals calling but not see them. "In a territorial dispute, you could imagine that an animal would want to know, 'Well, how many animals are really about to encroach on our territory?'" "The results we obtained provide evidence that monkeys spontaneously detect a correspondence in number between two different sensory modalities, and this tells us that language is not necessary to represent number abstractly," Brannon comments. © 1996-2005 Scientific American, Inc.

Keyword: Intelligence; Evolution
Link ID: 7457 - Posted: 06.24.2010

All animals may be born with an innate ability to recognize the movements of living things, according to a new study. This skill could be useful for everything from predator avoidance to helping young creatures find their mothers. People have an easy time spotting the movements of animals. It's no sweat even in the lab, when the patterns are distilled down to just a few animated dots against a black background. More surprisingly, subjects can often tell the gender and emotional state of an abstract human figure simply by its movements. Because we can discern so much from such sparse information, scientists think specialized neural circuitry is at work. But it's not clear whether the ability is innate or learned. In the new study, neuroscientist Giorgio Vallortigara of the University of Trieste in Italy and colleagues took newly hatched chicks and gave them a choice between two computer screens--one that showed dotted animation of a hen walking, and one that showed either a dotted hen shape rotating around an axis or dots moving at random. The chicks preferred to move towards the walking hen in 60% of the trials, the researchers report in the July issue of PLoS Biology. They even preferred biological motion when the dots were shifted so that the walking motion was still apparent, but the figure no longer resembled a hen. Vallortigara says this shows that chicks are born with the ability to distinguish biological motion. Although no one has shown that human newborns have the same ability, Vallortigara says that's the implication of his research with chickens. The skill could be important for cognitive development in infants, he notes, encouraging them to focus on other people. Copyright © 2005 by the American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Keyword: Vision; Development of the Brain
Link ID: 7456 - Posted: 06.24.2010

New Haven, Conn.--Confirming findings in a previous study, Yale researchers observed an altered availability of the dopamine transporter in healthy persons with a genetic variation linked to substance abuse and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). "Healthy people who carry a particular variant of the dopamine transporter gene, the nine repeat allele, have significantly higher levels of dopamine transporter in the brain," said the lead author, Christopher van Dyck, M.D., associate professor of psychiatry and neurobiology and director of the Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit and the Cognitive Disorders Clinic in the Department of Psychiatry. The new study included 96 healthy European Americans--54 men and 42 women--who underwent a clinical examination to exclude any neurological or psychiatric disease, alcohol abuse or substance abuse. The levels of dopamine transporter availability were measured using SPECT imaging, and the dopamine transporter genotypes were determined by co-author Joel Gelernter, M.D. "We are not yet sure if the effects of the variant on transporter levels in our healthy subjects can be generalized to neuropsychiatric disorders," van Dyck said. "If they can be, our results may be relevant for substance abuse, tobacco smoking, and ADHD. "The results suggest that the mechanism of association of this gene with several disorders could be altered levels of central dopamine transporter protein, influencing concentrations of extracellular dopamine."

Keyword: ADHD; Drug Abuse
Link ID: 7455 - Posted: 06.07.2005

Emma Marris A national survey of US citizens has found that 6% of them have a debilitating mental illness. More startling, almost half of those surveyed were found to have had a mental disorder at some point during their lives; more than a quarter had had one in the year before the interview. The researchers involved say they also found that treatment is hard to get, and often not sufficient when available. They estimate that only about a third of those in care receive "minimally adequate treatment", such as the appropriate drugs or a few hours of therapy over a period of several months. Four papers reporting the results appear in the Archives of General Psychiatry this week1,2,3,4. The statistics are nearly impossible to compare with previous studies, thanks to constantly changing definitions of mental illness, the researchers say. But in general, they add, things don't seem to have changed much over the past decade. More than 9,000 US adults, chosen randomly, were visited in their homes as part of the National Comorbidity Survey, which looks at the incidence of multiple mental disorders. An interview then probed to see whether they had mental difficulties as determined by the latest Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, a guide used by psychiatrists. The study also classified the severity of disorders, separating them into severe, moderate or mild conditions. ©2005 Nature Publishing Group

Keyword: Depression; Schizophrenia
Link ID: 7454 - Posted: 06.24.2010