By Sarah Waldron As the government attacks "fashion and the tyranny of thinness" for undermining the confidence of girls, experts are seeing younger and younger children with eating disorders. But blaming stick-thin models might be too simplistic. Rhodes Farm is a clinic dealing with children suffering from anorexia nervosa. Opened 16 years ago, it has seen the average age of clients drop and children as young as eight are now being treated. Culture Secretary Tessa Jowell has pledged to tackle "the cult of size zero" by establishing a task force with fashion leaders, but for many girls at the clinic the issue is more about control. Twelve-year-old Natasha was admitted to Rhodes Farm after her weight fell to less than four-and-a-half stone. She says the furore over "size zero" models and celebrities has nothing to do with why she stopped eating. "[The media's] story is people get anorexia because they want to be thin and they see other people in magazines and on the catwalk and they think 'I want to be like that'," she says. "That's a really good story and why would they change it - it's a perfect story. But it's not the truth. Maybe for some people it is, but I know that for me it's not. I haven't got anorexia because I've been inspired to look like other people. It's the image in my head. There's no one that's my idol. (C)BBC

Keyword: Anorexia & Bulimia
Link ID: 9905 - Posted: 01.31.2007

By SHARON BEGLEY It was a fairly modest experiment, as these things go, with volunteers trooping into the lab at Harvard Medical School to learn and practice a little five-finger piano exercise. Neuroscientist Alvaro Pascual-Leone instructed the members of one group to play as fluidly as they could, trying to keep to the metronome's 60 beats per minute. Every day for five days, the volunteers practiced for two hours. Then they took a test. At the end of each day's practice session, they sat beneath a coil of wire that sent a brief magnetic pulse into the motor cortex of their brain, located in a strip running from the crown of the head toward each ear. The so-called transcranial-magnetic-stimulation (TMS) test allows scientists to infer the function of neurons just beneath the coil. In the piano players, the TMS mapped how much of the motor cortex controlled the finger movements needed for the piano exercise. What the scientists found was that after a week of practice, the stretch of motor cortex devoted to these finger movements took over surrounding areas like dandelions on a suburban lawn. The finding was in line with a growing number of discoveries at the time showing that greater use of a particular muscle causes the brain to devote more cortical real estate to it. But Pascual-Leone did not stop there. He extended the experiment by having another group of volunteers merely think about practicing the piano exercise. They played the simple piece of music in their head, holding their hands still while imagining how they would move their fingers. Then they too sat beneath the TMS coil. © 2007 Time Inc.

Keyword: Learning & Memory
Link ID: 9904 - Posted: 06.24.2010

NEW YORK (Reuters Health) - The rate of prostate cancer among men with schizophrenia is lower than in the general population, according to findings published in the journal Urology. "Lower than expected rates of cancer, in general, have been reported for psychiatric patients for almost a century," writes Dr. E. Fuller Torrey, of the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland. For his study, the researcher performed a search of the MEDLINE database for all studies of "prostate cancer" or "cancer" or "schizophrenia." A total of five studies were included in the current analysis. In all five studies, the prostate cancer rates for schizophrenia patients were lower than expected in the general population. The overall rate of cancer at other body sites varied among the studies. Possible explanations for the decreased rate of prostate cancer include the effect of antipsychotic drugs (either by protecting against cancer or by decreasing testosterone, or both), and genetic factors, Torrey suggests. SOURCE: Urology, December 2006. © 1996-2007 Scientific American, Inc.

Keyword: Schizophrenia; Hormones & Behavior
Link ID: 9903 - Posted: 06.24.2010

Walking while holding a conversation and writing a letter whilst thinking about its content: we perform many actions without even thinking about them. This is possible due to the cerebellum. It regulates the automation of our movements and as a result the cerebrum can perform other tasks. However, how the cerebellum performs this task is not clear. Dutch researcher Angelique Pijpers reconstructed a part of cerebellar functioning in rats and investigated how it mediates in the control of hind limb muscles. Such research might in future provide a better understanding of how the elderly move. Pijpers and her colleagues investigated which processes took place inside and outside of the cerebellum: how does it channel information and process this into a signal to the muscles? Subsequently they investigated which parts of the cerebellum are involved in regulating the activity of a single muscle. Furthermore, they examined the consequences of inactivation of one or more parts of the cerebellum on the functioning of this muscle. Nerve cells in the cerebellum receive two types of signals. Through the climbing fibres, signals from a specific structure in the brain stem are transmitted to Purkinje cells located in the cerebellar cortex. Mossy fibres transmit signals from various parts of the central nervous system to the granule cells of the cerebellar cortex. Pijpers reconstructed the modular anatomy of the cerebellum by injecting small quantities of traceable substances. This allowed mapping of different 'stations' of the information pathway.

Keyword: Movement Disorders
Link ID: 9902 - Posted: 01.31.2007

Jennifer Viegas, Discovery News — What day of the week was January 13, 2000? Donny, considered the world's fastest and most gifted calendar prodigy, could answer correctly (Thursday) in 700 milliseconds. Now researchers think they know how he does it, and why. In addition to explaining autistic savants like Donny and Dustin Hoffman's character in the 1988 movie "Rain Man," the findings shed light on music and language prodigies who may also suffer from autism and sometimes retardation. Scientists previously believed these talents might be innate or involve complicated brain processing, but extensive testing of Donny suggests that at least some autistic people have a disruption in the reward and motivation system for a part of the brain that controls goal-directed behavior and reward-motivated learning. The person becomes obsessed with a certain activity, be it music, language or, in Donny's case, dates. "Donny has a sort of addiction for dates, which probably developed when he was 5 or 6 years old," said Marc Thioux, who led the study. "He spends most of his time repeating dates, asking for dates, answering questions about dates....His first question upon meeting you is to ask for your birth date," added Thioux, who is a scientist at the Behavioral and Cognitive Neurosciences Neuroimaging Center in the Netherlands. © 2007 Discovery Communications Inc.

Keyword: Autism
Link ID: 9901 - Posted: 06.24.2010

Aria Pearson Vaginal birth increases the risk of brain haemorrhage in newborns, a new study suggests. But it is unclear if the early bleeding causes problems with subsequent child development, so natural births should not be eschewed in favour of caesarean sections, experts warn. Psychiatrists at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, US, were studying normal brain development in babies as part of their research on schizophrenia when they noticed that some of the newborns had suffered small haemorrhages. “The bleeds were unexpected,” says John Gilmore, who led the study. “So we decided to see what they were correlated with.” The researchers looked at 88 newborns with no outward symptoms, recording information including whether the birth was vaginal or caesarean, the duration of labour, and the infant’s weight, head size and gestational age at birth. They found that 26% of the babies born vaginally had bleeding in the brain, while none of those born through caesarean were affected. No other risk factor seemed to be involved. “It’s purely the process of being born and going through the birth canal,” says Gilmore. Past studies have linked haemorrhages to the trauma of birth, but these involved babies with clear symptoms such as seizures or lethargy. © Copyright Reed Business Information Lt

Keyword: Development of the Brain
Link ID: 9900 - Posted: 06.24.2010

US researchers have discovered a likely reason why people find it hard to do two things at once. A "bottleneck" occurs in the brain when people attempt to carry out two simultaneous tasks, the research shows. The study found the brain slows down when attempting a second task less than 300 milliseconds after the first. The findings, published in Neuron, support the case for a complete ban on the use of mobile phones when driving, the team said. Participants were asked to press an appropriate computer key in response to one of eight different sounds and call out a syllable in response to eight different images. The researchers from Vanderbilt University used functional MRI scans to detect changes in oxygenated blood in the brain - a way of monitoring the activity in different brain regions. They found that the lateral frontal and prefrontal cortex, and also the superior frontal cortex, were unable to process two tasks at once, leading to a bottleneck. But when tasks were presented a second apart there was no delay. Study leader Dr Paul Dux said previous studies had shown people were limited in being able to do two simple tasks at once - a phenomenon known as "dual-task interference. We were interested in trying to understand these limitations and in finding where in the brain this bottleneck might be taking place," he said. "We determined these brain regions responded to tasks irrespective of the senses involved, they were engaged in selecting the appropriate response, and, most importantly, they showed 'queuing' of neural activity. "The neural response to the second task was postponed until the response to the first was completed," he added. (C)BBC

Keyword: Attention
Link ID: 9899 - Posted: 01.30.2007

Neurologist and dizziness specialist Kevin A. Kerber of the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor offers the following explanation: In general, the most common causes of dizziness are activities everyone experiences, at least as children, namely running around in circles or riding carnival attractions that spin, loop or twist. These movements cause an asymmetry in the signals that stem from the vestibular system--a sensory system situated on each side of the head in the inner ear compartments--and that are processed in the brain. This alteration leads to the sensation known as dizziness during, and even for some time after, the provoking event. But dizziness can also occur as an unprovoked and severe episodic or even constant occurrence--an understandable source of distress for the person experiencing it. In fact, dizziness is one of the most common reasons for a visit to a doctor's office. The first step in determining the cause of dizziness is to clarify exactly what the individual is experiencing. The most common types of dizziness are vertigo, light-headedness and imbalance. Vertigo refers to the sensation of being in a spinning environment. At rest, continuous and balanced signals from the peripheral vestibular system keep the eyes stationary via connections in the brain. When the head moves, a physiological imbalance in the signals leads to small movements of the eyes that keep vision optimal. When a sudden abnormality in the balance of the signals occurs, the result is a pattern of eye movements referred to as nystagmus. When the eyes move in this fashion, the world is perceived to be rotating even though the person remains still. Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is a common variety of vertigo that is caused by aberrant stimulation of the vestibular system by small, displaced particles in the inner ear fluid chambers. © 1996-2007 Scientific American, Inc.

Keyword: Miscellaneous
Link ID: 9898 - Posted: 06.24.2010

If you bend a knee or an elbow, the nerves in your limbs stretch but do not break. A University of Utah study suggests why: A gene produces a springy protein that keeps nerve cells flexible. When the gene was disabled in tiny nematode worms, their nerve cells literally broke. The discovery may provide a new explanation for spinocerebellar ataxia type 5 (SCA5) – a disease previously tied to a human version of the gene and identified in 11 generations of U.S. President Abraham Lincoln's family, starting with his paternal grandparents. SCA5 may have afflicted Lincoln himself. The new study suggests how. "Were Lincoln's nerves shattered? We don't know. But our study raises the possibility that they were," says biology Professor Michael Bastiani, the study's senior author and a member of the Brain Institute at the University of Utah. The new study will be published in The Journal of Cell Biology on Jan. 29, two weeks before Lincoln's birthday on Feb. 12. The study involved a worm gene named unc-70 that makes a protein named beta spectrin. Humans have four beta spectrin genes, and mutations in one of them was identified previously as the cause of SCA5, a neurodegenerative disease that develops between ages 10 and 68; destroys nerve cells in the part of the brain that controls movements; causes loss of coordination in walking, speaking, writing and swallowing; and puts some patients in wheelchairs.

Keyword: Development of the Brain; Movement Disorders
Link ID: 9897 - Posted: 06.24.2010

Michael Hopkin They say you are what you eat. And that's especially true of Rhabdophis tigrinus — zoologists have discovered that this snake eats poisonous toads and keeps their venom for itself. Rather than going to the trouble of making its own venom to use against predators, R. tigrinus, which is found in Asia, takes the venom from its prey and transports it to its own venom glands for storage and use. The snakes eat a wide range of prey, often including toads that secrete defensive poisons called bufadienolides through their skin. When fed a diet featuring these toads, the snakes' venom glands fill up with an almost chemically identical venom, report Deborah Hutchinson of Old Dominion University in Norfold, Virginia, and her colleagues. Snakes lacking toads in their diet do not gather the poison, the researchers add. Their findings are published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences1. Many invertebrates, such as sea slugs, collect and store toxins from their plant food to make themselves unpalatable to predators. A few species of poisonous frogs also get their toxins from insects in their diet. But examples of vertebrate predators using venom from vertebrate prey are rare, and the only other species known to do it only stores venom temporarily. ©2007 Nature Publishing Group

Keyword: Neurotoxins
Link ID: 9896 - Posted: 06.24.2010

Rowan Hooper The monthly mood swings experienced by many women may serve an evolutionary purpose, researchers say, by helping to get them pregnant. Levels of sex hormones such as oestrogen and progesterone fluctuate throughout a woman’s monthly menstrual cycle. During the follicular phase at the start of the cycle, the egg is maturing and the body releases oestrogen, while during the luteal phase, when a fertilised egg might implant, progesterone is secreted. To see how these influence the brain, Jean-Claude Dreher and colleagues at the National Institute of Mental Health in Bethesda, Maryland, US, used functional magnetic resonance (fMRI) imaging to examine the changes in brain activity over the course of the month. The team scanned the brains of 15 women at different stages of menstruation as they played a game with hypothetical prizes of money at the end. During the follicular phase, both the orbitofrontal cortex and the amygdala showed higher activity both when the women were anticipating a reward and when the reward was delivered. The orbitofrontal cortex is associated with decision making, reward and emotion processing, and the amygdala mediates emotional reactions. This means the women were probably experiencing greater feelings of reward during the first half of their menstrual cycles than during the second half, although they were not specifically asked to report this. “Our work specifies the brain networks that are modulated by the menstrual cycle,” says Dreher. © Copyright Reed Business Information Ltd

Keyword: Hormones & Behavior; Sexual Behavior
Link ID: 9895 - Posted: 06.24.2010

By MICHAEL POLLAN Eat food. Not too much. Mostly plants. That, more or less, is the short answer to the supposedly incredibly complicated and confusing question of what we humans should eat in order to be maximally healthy. I hate to give away the game right here at the beginning of a long essay, and I confess that I’m tempted to complicate matters in the interest of keeping things going for a few thousand more words. I’ll try to resist but will go ahead and add a couple more details to flesh out the advice. Like: A little meat won’t kill you, though it’s better approached as a side dish than as a main. And you’re much better off eating whole fresh foods than processed food products. That’s what I mean by the recommendation to eat “food.” Once, food was all you could eat, but today there are lots of other edible foodlike substances in the supermarket. These novel products of food science often come in packages festooned with health claims, which brings me to a related rule of thumb: if you’re concerned about your health, you should probably avoid food products that make health claims. Why? Because a health claim on a food product is a good indication that it’s not really food, and food is what you want to eat. Uh-oh. Things are suddenly sounding a little more complicated, aren’t they? Sorry. But that’s how it goes as soon as you try to get to the bottom of the whole vexing question of food and health. Before long, a dense cloud bank of confusion moves in. Sooner or later, everything solid you thought you knew about the links between diet and health gets blown away in the gust of the latest study. Copyright 2007 The New York Times Company

Keyword: Obesity
Link ID: 9894 - Posted: 06.24.2010

Heidi Ledford By learning from patients who nod off unexpectedly during the day, researchers have pinpointed a chemical that could help people who can't sleep at night. One out of every 10 people in the United States suffers from chronic insomnia, making for a big sleeping-pill market. The most popular pills work by strengthening the effects of a brain chemical that slows the nervous system and promotes relaxation. But these drugs can also carry unpleasant side effects, including memory loss and grogginess the next day. The race for a better sleeping pill is still on. Now, a new approach targets brain hormones called orexins. Orexins are known to be linked to sleepiness; patients with a sleeping disorder called narcolepsy have low levels of these hormones and are chronically sleepy during the day, sometimes falling asleep on the job or while driving. The new chemical, known as ACT-078573, blocks the action of orexins. When given to dogs, rats and humans, it decreased alertness in all three species, while shortening the time it took for them to fall asleep. François Jenck, of the Swiss biotech company Actelion Pharmaceuticals in Allschwil, and his colleagues report the findings in the journal Nature Medicine1. Orexins aren't an obvious target for developing new sleeping pills. Narcoleptics suffer not only from sleepiness, but also from sudden loss of muscle tone that, in extreme cases, can cause them to collapse and remain frozen - fully conscious - for minutes at a time. Laughter often triggers a collapse in human narcoleptics, whereas narcoleptic dogs can crumple from the thrill of dinnertime or being let loose to play in the yard. "They get excited and run out the door and just go 'thump'," says Jerome Siegel, a sleep researcher at the University of California, Los Angeles. ©2007 Nature Publishing Group

Keyword: Narcolepsy; Sleep
Link ID: 9893 - Posted: 06.24.2010

A new love song CD with a difference could make a splash by featuring sea creatures including an amorous haddock. The British Library collection includes marine mating calls. Whale and dolphin sounds may be familiar but deeper in the North Sea the recorded sounds include a male haddock searching for a mate. The haddock courting noises start as slow knocks and turn into a quicker hum that sounds similar to a small motorcycle revving its engine. The CD contains the noises of North Sea haddock recorded in laboratory conditions in Aberdeen. The experts believe that replicates the "at sea" sound. Sounds of the Deep also features a walrus diving for food and the clicks, whistles and buzzes of the Atlantic Spotted Dolphin. The British Library sound archive's wildlife curator, Cheryl Tipp, said of the haddock: "It really is quite a novel sound, it's fascinating. "The knocks turn into a hum. "We are thrilled to present these captivating new collections of marine life and coastal wildlife sounds and hope that wildlife enthusiasts will find them fascinating." (C)BBC

Keyword: Sexual Behavior; Hearing
Link ID: 9892 - Posted: 01.27.2007

Ben Harder This time of year, the wilds of North America are relatively quiet. The black bears that usually patrol the woods seem to have vanished. Many bat species are nowhere to be found, at least not by the causal observer. The same is true of ground squirrels and chipmunks. They are hidden away—hibernating. Biologists have been intrigued for decades about how animals go dormant during the winter and survive physiological conditions that would kill them at other times of the year. Hibernators spend most of the winter in torpor, a state of self-induced reduction in body temperature and metabolic rate. Even some species that don't contend with harsh winters by hunkering down for months at a stretch, such as mice, enter torpor daily when food is in limited supply and temperatures are chilly. Many small birds spend nights year-round in torpor. In mammals, hibernation is so widespread that researchers reason that the ancestor of all mammals must have been a hibernator. People may be physiologically capable of tapping this dram of evolutionary heritage, says molecular biologist Sandra Martin of the University of Colorado School of Medicine in Aurora. If people could mimic certain aspects of hibernation, they might benefit greatly. For instance, inducing a torporlike state in a wounded soldier or a bleeding-accident victim might give doctors precious extra time to stop and reverse the damage. Other patients would benefit if donated organs could be put in cold storage for prolonged shelf lives. And for astronauts, torpor, which some people call suspended animation, might facilitate travel to distant planets. ©2007 Science Service.

Keyword: Biological Rhythms; Sleep
Link ID: 9891 - Posted: 06.24.2010

Christen Brownlee Scientists have identified an area of the brain where damage seems to quickly halt a person's desire to smoke. The region could form a target for novel therapies to help people quit smoking, the researchers say. Led by neuroscientist Antoine Bechara of the University of Southern California in Los Angeles, the team homed in on this brain area after learning about an unusual stroke patient whom they identify only as N. From age 14, N. had been a heavy smoker. But after his stroke at age 28, he never lit up again. Smokers typically undergo well-characterized emotional and physical withdrawal symptoms that make quitting extremely difficult. However, N. effortlessly quit smoking immediately after his stroke and never relapsed. He told doctors, "My body forgot the urge to smoke." Bechara says, "What is striking is that it was as if a switch had been turned off—he quit just like that, without any effort at all." To see whether brain damage caused by N.'s stroke played a role in his smoking cessation, Bechara and his colleagues scanned N.'s brain to identify the stroke-affected area. They spotted damage in the insula, a region deep inside the cerebral cortex. The insula had previously been associated with monitoring the body's internal conditions and controlling conscious urges, such as the desire to eat. ©2007 Science Service.

Keyword: Drug Abuse
Link ID: 9890 - Posted: 06.24.2010

Should you leave your comfortable job for one that pays better but is less secure? Should you have a surgery that is likely to extend your life but poses some risk that you will not survive the operation? Should you invest in a risky startup company whose stock may soar even though you could lose your entire investment? In the Jan. 26 issue of the journal Science, UCLA psychologists present the first neuroscience research comparing how our brains evaluate the possibility of gaining versus losing when making risky decisions. Participants in the study, mostly UCLA students in their 20s, were given $30 and then asked whether they would agree to each of more than 250 gambles in which they had a 50-50 chance of winning an amount of money or losing another amount of money. Would they, for example, agree to a coin toss in which they could win $30 but lose $20? While the 16 participants were considering the possible wagers, they were in a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanner at UCLA's Ahmanson–Lovelace Brain Mapping Center, where researchers studied their brain activity; the technique uses magnetic fields to spot active brain areas by telltale increases in blood oxygen. For each question, the participants answered whether they would strongly agree to the gamble, weakly accept it, weakly refuse it or strongly reject it. Participants were not told whether they had won or lost until after they left the scanner; afterwards, the researchers randomly selected three of the gambles, and if the participants had previously agreed to accept those, the researchers flipped a coin and the participants either won or lost the money. What interested the researchers, however, was the activity of the brain's regions during the decision-making process, not the subject's reaction to winning or losing.

Keyword: Drug Abuse
Link ID: 9889 - Posted: 06.24.2010

Results from the most comprehensive study to compare two imaging techniques for the emergency diagnosis of suspected acute stroke show that magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can provide a more sensitive diagnosis than computed tomography (CT) for acute ischemic stroke. The difference between MRI and CT was attributable to MRI’s superiority for detection of acute ischemic stroke — the most common form of stroke, caused by a blood clot. The study was conducted by physicians at the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), a part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Findings appear in the January 27, 2007 edition of The Lancet[1]. “These NIH research findings on acute stroke imaging are directly applicable to real-world clinical practice,” said NIH Director Elias A. Zerhouni, M.D. “The patients involved in this study were the typical cross-section of suspected stroke patients that come into emergency rooms on a daily basis.” Furthermore, the study has good news for patients, according to Walter J. Koroshetz, M.D., NINDS Deputy Director. “This study shows that approximately 25 percent of stroke patients who come to the hospital within three hours of onset, the time frame for approved clot-busting therapy, have no detectable signs of damage. In other words, brain injury may be completely avoided in some stroke victims by quick re-opening of the blocked blood vessel,” said Dr. Koroshetz. The researchers conducted the study to determine whether MRI was superior to CT for emergency diagnosis of acute ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke (caused by bleeding into the brain).

Keyword: Stroke; Brain imaging
Link ID: 9888 - Posted: 06.24.2010

Roxanne Khamsi In a novel experiment, moderate doses of carbon monoxide protected against the symptoms of multiple sclerosis in mice. Researchers believe that the poisonous gas prevents the development of symptoms, such as paralysis, by stopping harmful molecules called free radicals from forming in the nervous symptom. Miguel Soares at the Gulbenkian Science Institute in Oeiras, Portugal, and colleagues injected the animals with a protein mixture known to cause experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a mouse model of multiple sclerosis (MS). Ten days later some of the mice were placed in a chamber where they breathed carbon monoxide (CO) at a concentration of about 500 parts per million for 20 days. Soares notes that while the mice functioned normally at this level of CO exposure, a similar concentration of the gas can cause headaches and fainting in humans. At the end of the trial, the mice that had breathed CO showed much greater mobility than their control counterparts. While the experimental mice had limp tails, the control mice suffered complete hind limb paralysis. Soares suspects that CO works in this fashion because it promotes the binding of iron to heme molecules within the nervous system. Heme molecules that lack iron can increase the production of free radicals, which damage cells. © Copyright Reed Business Information Ltd.

Keyword: Multiple Sclerosis
Link ID: 9887 - Posted: 06.24.2010

Randolph E. Schmid, Associated Press — What puts that sexy twinkle in a spider's eye? A mate aglow. Take away the ultraviolet portion of light, and what seemed like the arachnid version of Scarlett Johansson or Matthew McConaughey attracts no more lust than plain Jane or dumpy Dan. While people can't see ultraviolet light, spiders can, and it turns out to be important to their mating, researchers report in this week's online edition of the journal Science. It seems that both male and female jumping spiders, Cosmophasis umbratica, have markings on their faces and legs that glow in ultraviolet light, researchers led by Daiqin Li at the National University of Singapore reported. Many animals possess UV vision and use it for foraging, navigation and sexual selection, Li explained. Jumping spiders are known to have good eyesight, he said, adding that many of these spiders are colorful, with the males generally more colorful than females. That suggests a possible role of UV vision in jumping spiders, he said, so the researchers decided to explore the possibility. "But we discovered UV-induced fluorescence communication in jumping spiders by chance," Li said. © 2007 Discovery Communications Inc.

Keyword: Vision; Sexual Behavior
Link ID: 9886 - Posted: 06.24.2010