By Greg Miller One moment you're paying close attention to a lecture, the next you're making a mental list of items you need to pick up at the store and wondering who will be at the party on Saturday night. Minds wander, and now a study sheds new light on what happens in the brain when thoughts go astray. The researchers, led by cognitive psychologist Malia Mason, currently a postdoctoral fellow at Harvard Medical School in Boston, began by asking 19 volunteers to perform simple recall tasks such as memorizing a short string of letters and reproducing them in forward or reverse order. Reasoning that minds wander more when the job at hand isn't very demanding, the researchers had the volunteers practice the tasks for 30 minutes on three consecutive days. During a fourth practice session, the researchers butted in to ask the subjects whether they were having stray thoughts. As expected, they reported more random thoughts when working on a familiar sequences than when grappling with a novel one. On the fifth day of the experiment, volunteers slid into a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanner. The scans revealed that a particular set of interconnected brain regions was more active when volunteers worked on well-practiced sequences and in individuals who'd reported a greater tendency for mental wandering. Mason and colleagues report their findings in the 19 January issue of Science. In 2001, neurologist Marcus Raichle of Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, and colleagues noted that the same set of brain regions buzzes with activity when people aren't concentrating on any particular task. Raichle called it the "default network." (C) 2007 American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Keyword: Attention
Link ID: 9851 - Posted: 01.19.2007

Jennifer Viegas, Discovery News — There may be more to parrot talk than simple mimicry, suggests the behavior of one precocious bird. For the first time, a grey parrot has demonstrated that he can imitate what he sees and hears — demonstrating a more complex understanding of his environment than that needed for mimicry — according to a study in the current issue of Language Sciences. The bird, Alex, can also create new word labels for objects by combining words he already knows. For example, he called a juicy red apple that appear to have brought to mind bananas and cherries a "banerry." Whether parrots imitate or mimic is hotly debated among psychologists and animal behaviorists. It's an important question because to imitate, the individual must have an understanding of its own behavior based on detailed re-evaluation, whereas mimicry is generally defined as mindless repetition. For the ongoing study, 27-year-old Alex, and companion three-and-a-half-year-old Arthur, were trained with two human speakers to comprehend and label objects, colors, shapes and quantities. Alex now knows over 100 terms, so he can ask for his favorite foods and toys. One such toy is a thread spool. Lacking lips, Alex had trouble with the "p," so he instead combined a sound and word he already knew: "s" and "wool." He seemed to know that something was missing, so his first attempts at "spool" came out as "s (short pause) wool." © 2007 Discovery Communications Inc.

Keyword: Language; Evolution
Link ID: 9850 - Posted: 06.24.2010

Erika Check Could a spoonful of worm eggs help patients to fight the crippling symptoms of a nerve disease? Perhaps, say scientists who suggest that patients with multiple sclerosis can benefit from certain types of parasitic infection. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disease in which the body's own defence cells attack protective nerve tissue. This can cause pain and problems with vision, movement, memory and thinking. But scientists in Argentina have published a study claiming that these symptoms of the disease may be lessened in people whose immune system has been affected by a parasite. The scientists, who report their work in Annals of Neurology, studied 24 people with multiple sclerosis for more than four years, half of whom became infected with parasites after they were diagnosed with MS1. Among the patients with parasites, there were only three clinical relapses, compared with 56 in the non-infected group. And only half of the infected patients incurred brain lesions from MS, compared with all of the non-infected patients. Certain types of immune cells, known as T cells, produce chemicals that trigger the crippling attacks of MS. The scientists found that T cells from the parasite-infected patients were less likely to produce these chemicals. Perhaps the parasites programme the T cells to shut down destructive signals, says Jorge Correale of the Raúl Carrea Institute for Neurological Research in Buenos Aires, one of the two scientists who publish today's work. ©2007 Nature Publishing Group

Keyword: Multiple Sclerosis; Neuroimmunology
Link ID: 9849 - Posted: 06.24.2010

Scientists who have won a Nobel prize live nearly two years longer than those who were merely nominated, according to a new study. The findings suggest that social status confers "health-giving magic", the researchers say. Previous research has found a link between status and health in monkeys, but it has been difficult to investigate the link in humans because status often brings more wealth, which improves living standards and medical care. Andrew Oswald and Matthew Rablen, economists at Warwick University in the UK, focused on Nobel prize winners "as an ideal group to study as the winners could be seen as having their status suddenly dropped on them". The researchers studied 524 men – 135 winners and 389 nominees – in the competition for the physics and chemistry prizes between 1901 and 1950 – the cut-off point because the full list of nominees are kept secret for 50 years. They looked only at men to avoid differences in life span between sexes, and because the male winners provided a bigger sample size. Prize winners lived 1.4 years longer on average – or 77.2 years – than those who were nominated for the award. But when the survey was restricted to only comparing winners and nominees from the same country, the longevity gap widened, by about another eight months on average, the researchers found. © Copyright Reed Business Information Ltd.

Keyword: Stress; Neuroimmunology
Link ID: 9848 - Posted: 06.24.2010

Cigarette makers increased the amount of nicotine that smokers typically inhale by 11% between 1998 to 2005, perpetuating a "tobacco pandemic" that makes it harder for smokers to quit, according to a new study. Manufactures have been intensifying the concentration of nicotine in their tobacco and modifying cigarette designs to increase the number of puffs per cigarette, the researchers claim. "The end result is a product that is potentially more addictive," they say. The team at Harvard School of Public Health in Boston, US, analysed data submitted by major cigarette brands to the Massachusetts Department of Public Health, which in August 2006 released its own study showing nicotine levels steadily rising. The amount of nicotine that smokers typically consume per cigarette regardless of brand per year rose by an average of 1.6% between 1998 and 2005, according to the new analysis of the state's health records. Massachusetts has required tobacco companies to submit annual reports on cigarette nicotine yields since 1997, longer than any other US state. "Cigarettes are finely tuned drug delivery devices designed to perpetuate a tobacco pandemic," says Howard Koh, the school's associate dean for public health practice and former Massachusetts commissioner of public health. © Copyright Reed Business Information Ltd.

Keyword: Drug Abuse
Link ID: 9847 - Posted: 06.24.2010

(CBS) Professor Arthur Kramer of the University of Illinois in Urbana is part of a revolution, CBS News contributing correspondent Dr. Sanjay Gupta reports. He's challenging a long-held belief in the world of neuroscience that the brain is hardwired, fixed, immutable. Kramer says changing the size and the function of your brain is as easy as taking a few steps. "We found in our study that walking will increase the volume of the brain, increase the efficiency of the brain and increase improvements in the number of cognitive functions such as memory and attention," Kramer says. Seventy-eight-year-old Grace Miller walked three days a week for six months. She says she "really" thinks she's noticed a difference. "My husband and I, we kind of try to remember things," Miller explains. "Lately, I have been doing all the answering." "We know that over a six-month period you can get a 50 percent improvement in memory and attention," Kramer says. "That is pretty remarkable." Kramer imaged the brains of 60 participants before and after six months of walking — and saw an increase in crucial areas of the brain responsible for memory and decision making. "I was surprised how much plasticity, how much flexibility older brains have, because the general belief up until a decade ago was that brains deteriorated as we age. That's not true," he says. © MMVII, CBS Interactive Inc

Keyword: Alzheimers; Learning & Memory
Link ID: 9846 - Posted: 06.24.2010

Children who suffer abuse have an increased risk of physical ill health in adulthood, results suggest. Researchers at King's College London followed 1,000 people in New Zealand from birth to the age of 32. A third of those who were maltreated had high levels of inflammation - an early indicator of conditions such as heart disease and diabetes. Preventing abuse in childhood could help to reduce the burden of illness in adults, experts said. Participants in the study, which is published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, were monitored as children and were also asked to recall any maltreatment they had suffered as children at the age of 26. The researchers took into account many other factors which could account for poor health, including stress, depression, poor status attainment as well as smoking, diet and physical activity. They took blood samples to measure levels of C-reactive protein, fibrinogen and white blood cells - substances which are known to be associated with inflammation in the body. Adult survivors of childhood maltreatment who appeared to be healthy were twice as likely to show clinically relevant levels of inflammation compared to those who had not been maltreated. Inflammation is known to predict the development of conditions such as heart disease and diabetes. C-reactive protein in particular has been recommended by the American Heart Association as a screening tool to help assess a person's risk of developing cardiovascular disease. Study leader Dr Andrea Danese, a psychiatrist at King's College London, said that public health interventions to prevent maltreatment in childhood could help reduce illness in adults. (C)BBC

Keyword: Stress; Neuroimmunology
Link ID: 9845 - Posted: 01.16.2007

A hormone found naturally in the gut is the basis of a new drug to tackle obesity, one of three inaugural awards under the Wellcome Trust's Seeding Drug Discovery initiative. The drug is being developed by one of the world's leading obesity experts, Professor Steve Bloom at Imperial College London's Hammersmith Hospital campus. "Over 30,000 deaths a year are caused by obesity in England alone, so there is a clear need to develop a treatment to tackle this problem," says Dr Ted Bianco, Director of Technology Transfer at the Wellcome Trust. "Yet this need for effective anti-obesity therapies is currently unmet. We believe that Professor Bloom's research holds great promise and, with our support, can be translated into tangible benefits to health." Recent research by Professor Bloom and his team identified the role played by gut hormones in appetite control. These hormones are released when a person eats, acting as neurotransmitters to indicate to the brain to stop eating. In particular, the researchers are interested in pancreatic polypeptide (PP), which they believe may provide a solution to appetite suppression and is the most likely candidate for translating into a treatment. "Developing a treatment based on natural appetite suppression, mimicking our body's response to being full, has the potential to be safe and effective," says Professor Bloom. "We believe that pancreatic polypeptide may be the answer."

Keyword: Obesity; Hormones & Behavior
Link ID: 9844 - Posted: 01.16.2007

By JOHN TIERNEY Now that scientists have spotted the pain and pleasure centers in the brain, they’ve moved on to more expensive real estate: the brain’s shopping center. They have been asking the big questions: What is the difference between a tightwad’s brain and a spendthrift’s brain? What neurological circuits stop you from buying a George Foreman grill but not a Discovery Channel color-changing mood clock? Why is there a $2,178.23 balance on my January Visa bill? This last question isn’t yet fully answered, even after I stared at said Visa bill while lying inside a functional M.R.I. machine at Stanford University. But scientists are closer to solving the mystery. By scanning shoppers’ brains, they think they’ve identified a little voice telling you not to spend your money. Or, in my case, a voice saying, “At this price, you can’t afford not to buy the mood clock!” For convenience’ sake, economists have traditionally assumed that buyers make rational choices: I think, therefore I shop. You pass up the George Foreman grill because you sagely calculate that the money would be better spent on, say, your child’s college fund. Or at least the mood clock. You choose to forgo one good in exchange for something better. Copyright 2007 The New York Times Company

Keyword: Emotions
Link ID: 9843 - Posted: 06.24.2010

By Gary Stix Searching for new drugs by milling through ancient folk pharmacopoeia or by just picking a plant while walking in the woods has a decidedly checkered history. Many well-established therapeutic compounds originated in trees, shrubs, mollusks, even dirt. Aspirin came from willow bark, cholesterol-lowering statins from a mold, and the antimalarial artemisinin from a shrub used in traditional Chinese medicine. Yet after raising $90 million during the 1990s in a much publicized bid to tap indigenous knowledge for new drug leads, Shaman Pharmaceuticals had to lower its sights until it was doing nothing more than selling its products as nutritional supplements before finally shutting its doors for good a few years ago. Now the trend may be reversing itself again. Recently a number of natural compounds--such as resveratrol from red wine and omega-3 fatty acids from fish oil--have begun to receive close scrutiny because preliminary research suggests they might treat and prevent disease inexpensively with few side effects. Turmeric, an orange-yellow powder from an Asian plant, Curcuma longa, has joined this list. No longer is it just an ingredient in vindaloos and tandooris that, since ancient times, has flavored food and prevented spoilage. A chapter in a forthcoming book, for instance, describes the biologically active components of turmeric--curcumin and related compounds called curcuminoids--as having antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antibacterial and antifungal properties, with potential activity against cancer, diabetes, arthritis, Alzheimer's disease and other chronic maladies. And in 2005 nearly 300 scientific and technical papers referenced curcumin in the National Library of Medicine's PubMed database, compared with about 100 just five years earlier. © 1996-2007 Scientific American, Inc.

Keyword: Alzheimers
Link ID: 9842 - Posted: 06.24.2010

John Whitfield The reason that there are no three-tonne lions chasing elephants across the Serengeti is, say researchers, because carnivorous land mammals have an upper size limit of about 1,100 kilograms. Above this, the costs of living outweigh the benefits of bringing down large prey. The result gives a fresh perspective on why large carnivores are particularly vulnerable to extinction, and brings more bad news for polar bears. Not only is the arctic ice melting beneath them, but today's largest land carnivore also lives on a metabolic precipice, barely able to catch enough food to support its bulk, say Chris Carbone of the Institute of Zoology, London, and his colleagues. As they get larger, carnivorous mammals show a striking shift in their eating habits. "Species below about 20 kilograms feed on really small stuff," says Carbone — think of a badger snuffling for worms. "Species above 20 kilograms dramatically change tactics, and feed on prey about their own size" — think of a cheetah chasing down a gazelle. To work out the details of why this transition takes place, the team looked closely at the costs and benefits of each strategy, compiling measurements of the energy expenditure and feeding rates of different species. ©2007 Nature Publishing Group

Keyword: Evolution
Link ID: 9841 - Posted: 06.24.2010

Kerri Smith Imagine a day on the beach: the hot sand, warm sunshine and aquamarine waters. Easy for you and me. But near impossible for some amnesiacs, according to new research. When Eleanor Maguire, a neuroscientist from University College London, UK, asked volunteers to imagine a fictional new experience, they had no trouble conjuring up detailed and enticing scenes of forests, castles or beaches. As a memory specialist, she wondered what would happen if she asked patients with amnesia, who have a well-established deficit in remembering their past experiences, to do the same thing. They couldn't. For these patients, an imagined beach scene sounded like this: "As for seeing I can't really, apart from just sky... I can hear the sound of seagulls and of the sea... um.... the only thing I can see is blue." "They really do live in the present — they can't richly imagine the past or future," Maguire says. She and her team report their results in Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences1. All the patients studied had damage to their hippocampus — a region of the brain that, in animals, has been shown to deal with space and navigation as well as memory. Damage here is the cause of most amnesia cases. ©2007 Nature Publishing Group

Keyword: Learning & Memory
Link ID: 9840 - Posted: 06.24.2010

Researchers led by Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) international research scholar Peter St George-Hyslop have identified a new genetic risk factor associated with the most common form of Alzheimer's disease. The research implicates a gene called SORL1 in late-onset Alzheimer's, which usually strikes after age 65. In an advance online publication in Nature Genetics on January 14, 2007, St George-Hyslop and colleagues connected the gene to the disease in six different groups of people, although they did not pinpoint the exact genetic mutations in SORL1 responsible for Alzheimer's. In their studies, the researchers used databases that include genetic information about people with and without Alzheimer's disease. More than 6,800 individuals—45.8 percent of them affected with the disease—were included in the analysis, which is considered a large data set in the field, said St George-Hyslop. “We looked for variations of SORL1 in nine different groups of people and found those variations to be associated with an increased risk of Alzheimer's in six of them,” St George-Hyslop said. “That implies that SORL1 is not the only cause of Alzheimer's, but it's one of several. Some people with the disease will have a SORL1-related cause, and some won't.” St George-Hyslop is a professor in the department of medicine and director of the Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Disease at the University of Toronto and an HHMI international research scholar. Through its international research scholars program, HHMI supports leading scientists in 28 countries outside the United States. © 2007 Howard Hughes Medical Institute.

Keyword: Alzheimers
Link ID: 9839 - Posted: 06.24.2010

— New research backs the theory that modern humans spread out of Africa relatively recently, around 50,000 years ago, on the first step of our species' conquest of the planet. The "Out of Africa" scenario is well known but only a few hominid fossils or artifacts have emerged to explain when the great trek began and how humans dispersed. A find in Russia, though, and a fresh look at a skull discovered in South Africa more than half a century ago, offer new clues, scientists say. An international research team, delving into a site of ancient volcanic ash on the River Don around 250 miles (400 kilometers) south of Moscow, found teeth, stone and ivory tools that suggest Homo sapiens moved there some 45,000 to 42,000 years ago. The finds at Kostenki include perforated shell ornaments that can be traced to the Black Sea more than 300 miles (500 km) away, and a carved piece of mammoth ivory that appears to represent a small human figurine. If so, it could represent the earliest piece of figurative art in the world. The stones used to make these artifacts were imported from sites between 60 to 100 miles (100 to 180 km) away. "The big surprise here is the very early presence of modern humans in one of the coldest, driest places in Europe," co-researcher John Hoffecker of the University of Colorado at Boulder, told the journal Science, where the paper was published. © 2007 Discovery Communications Inc.

Keyword: Evolution
Link ID: 9838 - Posted: 06.24.2010

NEOCLASSICAL economics is built on the assumption that humans are rational beings who have a clear idea of their best interests and strive to extract maximum benefit (or “utility”, in economist-speak) from any situation. In this account, price is a signal that helps you decide the combination of work, spending and saving that suits you best. Neoclassical economics assumes that the process of decision-making is rational. But that contradicts growing evidence that decision-making draws on the emotions—even when reason is clearly involved. The role of emotions in decisions makes perfect sense. For situations met frequently in the past, such as obtaining food and mates, and confronting or fleeing from threats, the neural mechanisms required to weigh up the pros and cons will have been honed by evolution to produce an optimal outcome. Since emotion is the mechanism by which animals are prodded towards such outcomes, evolutionary and economic theory predict the same practical consequences for utility in these cases. But does this still apply when the ancestral machinery has to respond to the stimuli of urban modernity? One of the people who thinks that it does not is George Loewenstein, an economist at Carnegie Mellon University, in Pittsburgh. In particular, he suspects that modern shopping has subverted the decision-making machinery in a way that encourages people to run up debt. To prove the point he has teamed up with two psychologists, Brian Knutson of Stanford University and Drazen Prelec of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, to look at what happens in the brain when it is deciding what to buy. © The Economist Newspaper Limited 2007.

Keyword: Attention; Emotions
Link ID: 9837 - Posted: 06.24.2010

Toronto, CANADA – Canadian scientists have found astonishing evidence that the lifelong use of two languages can help delay the onset of dementia symptoms by four years compared to people who are monolingual. There has been much interest and growing scientific literature examining how lifestyle factors such as physical activity, education and social engagement may help build "cognitive reserve" in later years of life. Cognitive reserve refers to enhanced neural plasticity, compensatory use of alternative brain regions, and enriched brain vasculature, all of which are thought to provide a general protective function against the onset of dementia symptoms. Now scientists with the Rotman Research Institute at the Baycrest Research Centre for Aging and the Brain have found the first evidence that another lifestyle factor, bilingualism, may help delay dementia symptoms. The study is published in the February 2007 issue of Neuropsychologia (Vol.45, No.2). "We are pretty dazzled by the results," says principal investigator Ellen Bialystok, Ph.D., whose research team at Baycrest included psychologist Dr. Fergus Craik, a world authority on age-related changes in memory processes, and neurologist Dr. Morris Freedman, an eminent authority on understanding the mechanisms underlying cognitive impairment due to diseases such as Alzheimer's. "Our study found that speaking two languages throughout one's life appears to be associated with a delay in the onset of symptoms of dementia by four years compared to those who speak one language," says Dr. Bialystok.

Keyword: Alzheimers; Language
Link ID: 9836 - Posted: 06.24.2010

Noaki Schwartz, Associated Press — State coastal regulators voted Wednesday to impose restrictions on the U.S. Navy's use of sonar, which has been linked to harmful effects on whales and other marine mammals. The Navy has been using sonar during training exercises off the California coast for decades, although this was the first time it sought approval for the practice from the California Coastal Commission. The commission voted 8-1 to place restrictions on how the Navy conducts the training, including moving the exercises away from areas with high concentrations of marine mammals and lowering sonar levels when they are present. The Navy decided to seek the commission's consent because of new internal guidelines requiring it to ensure major exercises are environmentally compliant. "We believe we've taken many steps to safeguard the environment, and we feel very confident the measures that we have in place protect the environment," said Matt Brown, spokesman for the Navy's southwest region. The secretary of the Navy will respond after reviewing the commission's recommendations. Copyright © 2007 Discovery Communications Inc.

Keyword: Hearing
Link ID: 9835 - Posted: 06.24.2010

Mice tend to do most of their scampering about at night, resting up during the day for the evening's activity. But fiddle with a single gene, and suddenly the animals are much livelier during daylight hours. The shift in activity in these genetically engineered mice turns out to be more than a mere nuisance to the animals' slumbering cage mates - it's helping scientists illuminate the fundamentals of biological clocks, as well as a circadian rhythm disorder that affects a small number of humans. People with familial advanced sleep-phase syndrome (FASPS) tend to become sleepy and wake up earlier than most. They are often ready for bed around 7:30 in the evening, and ready to begin their day at 4:30 in the morning. People with FASPS—a disorder caused by alterations in a single gene—also have a shorter circadian period than those without the altered gene. Howard Hughes Medical Institute researchers have now demonstrated that mutating the same gene in mice has the same effects. A mouse model that mimics the sleep-wake patterns of human FASPS offers new opportunities to understand how biological clocks govern these cycles, as well as a wide range of physiological functions. Louis J. Ptacek and his colleagues reported their first studies on the mutant mouse strain in an article in the January 12, 2007, issue of the journal Cell. The mouse they developed harbors a mutant version of the human gene Period 2 (hPer2), which Ptacek and his colleagues had found in earlier studies to be responsible for familial advanced sleep-phase syndrome (FASPS). When the researchers analyzed the activity patterns of the gene-altered mice, they found that the animals showed a shorter circadian period and a shift in their sleep-wake cycle equivalent to humans with FASPS. © 2007 Howard Hughes Medical Institute

Keyword: Biological Rhythms
Link ID: 9834 - Posted: 06.24.2010

WASHINGTON (Reuters) - More than 120,000 obese Americans had some kind of surgery to help them lose weight in 2004, with the biggest increase among middle-aged people, according to a study released on Wednesday. In 1998, 772 people aged 55 to 64 had gastric bypass, stapling or some similar procedure known as bariatric surgery to help weight loss. But that number ballooned to 15,086 in 2004, according to the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. "Among the reasons for the extremely dramatic increases is that the mortality outcomes from obesity surgery have improved greatly," the agency said in a statement. "The national death rate for patients hospitalized for bariatric surgery declined 78 percent, from 0.9 percent in 1998 to 0.2 percent in 2004." Agency director Dr. Carolyn Clancy said the report shows "more Americans are turning to obesity surgery and that an increasing number of younger people are undergoing these procedures." More than 103,000 of the 2004 operations were on patients aged 18 to 54, the study found, and 349 were performed on youngsters aged 12 to 17. © 1996-2007 Scientific American, Inc.

Keyword: Obesity
Link ID: 9833 - Posted: 06.24.2010

By Rhitu Chatterjee Sniffing, or huffing, glue, paint, cleaning fluids, and nail polish remover may appear relatively harmless, but it is physiologically no different from other forms of drug abuse. That's the conclusion of a new study that shows that toluene, the solvent in many of these inhaled substances, has the same effect on our brains as notorious drugs like cocaine and methamphetamine. The findings explain a long-standing mystery about the impact of this addictive substance on the brain and suggest ways of developing treatments for addiction. Solvent abuse increases a person's desire for other drugs, boosts the risk of depression and suicide, and irreversibly damages the brain, heart, kidney, and liver. But the exact effect of solvents such as toluene on our brains has remained unclear. Unlike other drugs that target specific areas of the brain, solvents were thought to act on all brain regions. Then, in 2002, neurologist Stephen Dewey of Brookhaven National Laboratory, in Upton, New York, and colleagues showed that toluene homes in on brain areas such as the reward center, which includes two main structures, the ventral tegmental area (VTA,) and the nucleus accumbens (ACB). Drugs such as nicotine and cocaine activate a group of dopamine-producing neurons in the VTA. These neurons start firing and release dopamine--the brain's feel-good chemical--into the VTA and the ACB. Later studies revealed that toluene also stimulates the neurons in the VTA to start firing. But no one was able to show whether it also induces them to release dopamine, leading some scientists to ask if toluene exerted its effects on the brain through a dopamine-independent pathway. © 2007 American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Keyword: Drug Abuse
Link ID: 9832 - Posted: 06.24.2010